Chap. 28 - Protists - PP Flashcards
(96 cards)
1
Q
What are protists?
A
A kingdom that comprises mostly single-celled organisms
2
Q
What grouping has more structural and fx diversity than any other eukaryotes?
A
Protists
3
Q
Are most protists motile? How do they get around?
A
Yes, cilia or flagella
4
Q
Protists mostly reproduce by what mechanism?
A
Mitosis
5
Q
In what condition do protists typically live?
A
moist conditions
6
Q
Protists typically live in
a. water or damp soil
b. desert conditions
c. saltwater marine bays
A
a. water or damp soil
7
Q
Protists are _____ or _____ in animals
A
symbiotic, parasitic
8
Q
Name four types of protists, arranged by energy procurement
A
a. ingestive protists
b. absorptive protists
c. photosynthetic protists
d. mixotrophs
9
Q
“animal-like” protozoa
A
ingestive protists
10
Q
Most protists are…
a. static
b. prokaryotic
c. move (cilia or flagella)
d. have alternating generations
A
c. move (cilia or flagella)
11
Q
What type of protists are heterotrophic by absorption?
A
Absorptive protists
12
Q
What protists are photosynthetic autotrophs?
A
Photosynthetic protists
13
Q
Mixotrophs…
a. heterotrophic by ingestion
b. heterotrophic by absorption
c. photosynthetic autotroph
d. combine photosynthesis and heterotrophic
A
d. combine photosynthesis and heterotrophic
14
Q
What is the difference between ingestive and absorptive protists?
A
ingestive- engulfs its nutrients (animal like)
Absorptive- breaks down nutrients and pulls it in (fungus like)
15
Q
What is a mixotroph?
A
protists that combine both photosynthesis, for energy, and heterotrophic ways of getting nutrients
16
Q
T/F All protists have a very certain placement
A
False
17
Q
What have modern molecular systematics helped us to do with Protista?
A
Define monophyletic groups
18
Q
Figure 28.2 What do dotted lines represent?
A
Uncertainty
19
Q
a major supergroup of unicellular organisms belonging to the domain Eukaryota
A
Excavata
20
Q
T/F Protista is a monophyletic group
A
False
21
Q
Only eukaryotes to lack “mitochondria”
A
Excavata
22
Q
Excavata - Diplomonads
a. have reduced ____ called _
b. No ETC, are ____
c. No _____, two _____, simple ____, Giardia
A
a. mitochondria, mitosomes
b. anaerobic
c. plastids, nuclei, cytoskeleton,
23
Q
What are two ways that prokaryotes can move?
A
flagella, gliding
24
Q
How do prokaryotes glide?
A
They produce slime and use flagellar motors
25
INTERNAL CELL STRUCTURE: PROKARYOTES
No membrane-______. ______
____ region: DNA is concentrated here
Prokaryotes have no membrane-bound organelles, they have a nucleoid region
26
What is the function of prokaryotic internal membranes?
Respiration, photosynthesis
27
In an aerobic prokaryote, there is a ______ membrane.
In a photosynthetic prokaryote, there are _____ membranes
a. respiratory membrane
| b. thylakoid membranes
28
What is process by which prokaryotes reproduce and grow?
Binary fision
29
T/F Prokaryotes can acquire new genetic material through transformation and conjugation, but NOT transduction.
False. Prokaryotes can acquire genetic material through transformation, conjugation, and transduction.
30
What is the difference between transformation, conjugation and transduction?
All ways for prokaryotes to reproduce or evolve.
Transformation: new genetic material from environment
Conjugation: process of direct transfer of DNA from one bacterium to another
Transduction:
Bacteriophage, viruses that infect bacteria pick up genetic material int he process and pass it on to other bacteria.
31
What does the process of transduction use?
bacteriophage
32
Genetic recombination:
________: DNA absorbed from external
________: Use of bacteriophage
__________ direct transfer of DNA, Pilus
transformation, transduction, conjugation
33
a resistant asexual spore that develops inside some bacteria cells.
Endospore
34
What is triggered by a lack of nutrients, and usually occurs in gram-positive bacteria?
Endospore
35
Name two different autotrophs and their energy source and carbon source
a. photo autotroph (E: light, C: CO2
| b. chemoautotroph (E: inorganic chemicals, CO2)
36
Cyanobacteria and algae (protists) are what type of autotroph? Explain.
Photoautotroph. Energy source: light
| Carbon source: CO2
37
A prokaryote is aquatic and thrives in salt-water environments. What autotroph is it and why?
Photoheterotroph
Energy source: Light
Carbon source: organic compounds
38
Which prokaryote use organic molecules as their carbon source and energy source varies/ Name two categories.
Heterotrophs - Photoheterotrophs, Chemoheterotrophs
39
Excavata (______ and ______)
diplomonads, parabasalids
40
What are the only eukaryotes to lack "mitochondria"?
Excavata (diplomonads, parabasalids)
41
Excavata - Dplomonads
a. Reduced mitochondria called _____
b. No _____; anaerobic
c. no plastids, two ____, simply cytoskeleton, Giardia
mitosomes, ETC, nuclei
42
Giardia Lamblia is an example of what?
Diplomonad (Excavata)
43
Life cycle of Giardia Lamblia
a. _____ ingested with contaminated water or food
b. cysts passed in ____
- reservoir hosts
a. cysts
| b. feces
44
What is the causative agent of giardiasis?
Giardia Lamblia
45
cyst
a tough protective capsule enclosing the larva of a parasitic worm or the resting stage of an organism.
46
Characteristics of Euglenozoa:
a. ___________ (mode of movement)
b. __ Groups: ______ and ______
flagella; 2; euglenoids, kinetoplastids
47
```
Euglenozoa
Euglenoids
a. anterior pocket with ____ _______
b. energy storage: ______
Kinetoplastids
a. ____: 1 large mitochondrion
b. works symbiotically or ___ with a host organism
```
a. 1-2 flagella
b. paramylum (starch-like polysaccharide)
a. kinetoplast
b. parasitically
48
African Sleeping Sickness or Chagas' disease are two examples of what type of Euglenozoa?
Kinetoplastid
49
Euglenozoa is part of what?
Excavata
50
SAR Clade: Name three types
stramenopiles, alveolate, rhizarians
51
SAR Clade:
a. believed to have evolved from a __ ___ derived by __ _____ of a __ ___ (Rhodophyta)
b. Mixed results: some __ supports this, some does not
a. common ancestor, secondary endosymbiosis, red alga
| b. data
52
Major clades of SAR clade
Stramenopiles, alveolate, rhizarians
53
Name three types of Alveolates
dinoflagellates, apicomplexans, ciliates
54
SAR Clade: Alveolate
a. possess ___ ______-________ cavities called ____, located ___ their cell surfaces
b. three groups:
- Dinoflagellates - photosynthetic
- Apicomplexans -________
- ciliates (ciliophora)
a. small, membrane-bound, alveoli, under
| b. parasites
55
Are apicomplexans heterotrophic or autotrophic? Why is this the case?
heterotrophic; they are parasites
56
SAR Clade - Alveolate - Dinoflagellates
a. mostly _____
b. given distinctive shape by plates of _____
c. 2 ___ in perpendicular grooves
d. Some live as __ ______ in cnidarians
e. some species produce large ___ causing __ and ___ tides that poison ___ and can accumulate in shellfish
a. unicellular
b. cellulose
c. flagella
d. mutualistic symbionts
e. blooms, red, brown, fish
57
Which type of alveolate (SAR Clade) may cause red and brown tides that poison fish and accumulate in shellfish?
Dinoflagellates
58
As a biologist, you stumble across a piece of ocean that is covered in red and brown tides that have poisoned fish. The shellfish from this region has high amounts of this species. What species is present?
Dinoflagellates that are Alveolate in the SAR Clade
59
Apicomplexans are ____ from the ______
a. parasites of ___
b. spread through host as _____
c. modified plastids called ______
- non-photosynthetic
Alveolate, SAR Clade
a. animals
b. sporozoites
c. apicoplasts
60
Apicomplexans are ___ from the ____
a. parasites of animals
b. spread through host as sporozoites
c. modified plastids called apicoplasts
- non-photosynthetic
alevolates, SAR Clade
61
Apicomplexans are ___ from the ____
a. parasites of animals
b. spread through host as sporozoites
c. modified plastids called apicoplasts
- non-photosynthetic
alevolates, SAR Clade
62
Taxoplasma Gondii:
obligate ______ parasite
cats (only documented sexual reproduction
intracellular
63
Characteristics of Ciliates
a. Cilia: used for _____, arrangements: extremely __
b. most are _____
c. one _______ (50+ copies of genome) and several ____
d. reproduction: _______
e. micronuclei (1-80)
function: _______________
a. motility, diverse
b. solitary
c. macronucleus, micronuclei
d. binary fission
e. sexual recombination during conjugation
64
For ciliates, what portion of the SAR Clade are we in?
Alveolates
65
The Paramecium is an example of a ____ in the group _____ in the major clade _____
ciliate, Alveolate, SAR
66
SAR Clade: Stramenopile include what three groups? What are they typically types of?
Diatoms, golden algae, brown algae, algae
67
Stramenopiles include:
a. _______ on flagella
b. most are ______
c. chloroplasts with 2 additional ______
d. small cytoplasmic ___, small _____
a. stramenopili
b. autotrophic
c. membranes
d. volume, nucleus
68
T/F Stramenopila are mostly heterotrophic and have 3 additional membranes
False. Stramenopila (SAR Clade) are mostly autotrophic and have 2 additional membranes
69
SAR Clade - Stramenopiles - Diatoms
a. Enclosed in ___ _____ ______: epitheca and perithecia
b. movement: many can _____ using polysaccharide filaments
c. reproduction: ___ until very small then reproduce ____
d. Food: stored as ______ (glucose-like polysaccharide) or oil
e. Habitats: freshwater and marine, planktonic, benthic, epiphytic and epizoic
a. 2 silica shells
b. glide
c. asexual, sexually
d. tamarin
70
Which type of stramenopile stores its food as laminarin or oil and can glide along using polysaccharide filaments?
Diatoms
71
Describe the process of diatom reproduction
diatoms are asexual until very small and then reproduce sexually
72
Chrysophyta and Oomycota belong in what clade?
SAR
73
Another name for Dinobyron - Stramenopiles - SAR Clade
Chrysophyta
74
SAR Clade - Stramenopiles - Chrysophyta
a. Chrysophyta = "_________"
b. ______, solitary or colonial, "shells"
c. freshwater and ____; autotrophic or ________
a. golden algae
b. biflagellate
c. marine, mixotrophic
75
SAR Clade - Stramenopiles - Oomycota
a. _____-like
b. biflagellate (in ____ of life cycle)
c. coenocytic hyphae (septa mostly absent) with __ ___
d. ______ (detrital) or ______ (potato blight - 1840 Irish)
e. white rusts and __ ___ attack plants
a. fungus
b. part
c. cell walls
d. heterotrophic,parasitic
e. downy mildew
76
What are the largest and most complex of all algae?
Brown algae (phaeophyta - stramenopiles - SAR Clade)
77
You find an algae in a cold water stream in a forest. It is large and complex. What algae may this be?
Brown algae (Phaeophyta - Brown Algae - Stramenopiles - SAR Clade)
78
Phaeophyta - Brown Algae - Stramenopiles - SAR Clade
a. ____ and most _____ of the algae
b. ____ structure and pigments like Bacillariophyta and Chrysophyta
c. store _____
d. _____, some with differentiated tissues and organs
e. adapted to ___ and __ zones
f. many are ___ and extracts are used in a number of food
a. largest, complex
b. chloroplast
c. laminarin
d. multicellular
e. intertidal, subtidal
f. edible
79
SAR Clade: Rhizarians
| List three.
Forams
Cercozoans
Radiolarians
80
SAR Clade - Rhizaria
a. almost entirely ____
b. _____ shells hardened with ___ _____
c. _______ extend through pores
d. many contain __ ____
f. chloarachiniophytes: similar but have _____
- --- mixotrophic
g. some ____ are in Rhizaria
a. marine
b. multi chambered, calcium carbonate
c. pseudopodia
d. symbiotic algae
e. chloroplasts
FINISH
81
SAR Clade - Rhizarians - Radiolarians
a. environment: _ and ___
b. their skeletons are made of ___ or ___ unfused plates
c. axopodia used to ___ food
a. saltwater, freshwater
b. siliceous, chitinous
c. engulf
82
What are the 4 super groups of Protists?
Excavata, SAR Clade, ARchaeplastida, Unikonta
83
Chlorophytes
| Charophytes
Green algae (Archaeplastida)
84
Rhodophyta - Red Algae - Archaeplastida
a. no ___ in any life stage
b. Why is the algae red? due to ___
c. ____ or rarely heterotrophic
d. usually ____, smaller than phaeohyta, usually filamentous
e. extremely ___ variety of life cycles
f. habitat: benthic, epiphytic, epizoic
a. flagella
b. phycoerythrin
c. autotrophic
d. multicellular
e. complex
85
A protist is commonly found along coasts of Alaska down through California. What is it most likely?
Red algae
86
Chlorophyta - Green Algae
a. _____ structure and pigments like _____
b. ____ (biflagellate) to ____ (filamentous to laminate)
c. multiple habitats
- mostly _____, many are in ___ environments, also in _ and ___; symbiotic with ____ and cnidarians
d. their life cycles are ___ and ____
a. chloroplast, plants
b. unicellular, multicellular
c. freshwater, marine, soil, snow, fungi
d. complex, varied
87
You find an algae in a freshwater environment that is unicellular and has a pigment like a plant. It has a complex life cycle. What may this algae be?
Chlorophyta (green algae - Archaeplastida)
88
If a mature cell undergoes meiosis, is it more likely a haploid or diploid?
haploid
89
Protists Big 4: Unikonta
| ________ and ______
amoebozoans, opisthokonts
90
Amoebozoans are part of what subgroup of the 4 protists
Unikonta
91
Protists that move by lobe-shaped pseudopodia
Amoebozoans
92
You find a protist that lives in soil or water and moves by lobe-shaped pseudopodia. This is an example of what protist in which subgroup of the 4 protist groups?
Gymnamoebas (Amoebozoans, Unikonta)
93
Unikonta - Amoebozoans
a. protists that move by lobe-shaped ___
- ---- ________ (habitat free-living in soil or water, heterotrophs, some detritivores)
b. entamoebus, genus ...
FINISH
94
(of a cell or nucleus) having a single set of unpaired chromosomes.
haploid
95
Haploid vs. Diploid
The main difference between haploid and diploid cells is the number of chromosome sets found in the nucleus. Ploidy is the area of biology that refers to the number of chromosomes in a cell. Therefore, cells with two sets are diploid, and those with one set are haploid
96
now the reproductive cycles of plasmid and cellular slime molds
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