Chapter 32 Flashcards by Beth Erb

Distinctive characteristics of animals include…

a. Hox gene control
b. Unicellular
c. Tissue development
d. Absorptive autotrophs

(corrected)

a. Developmental stages (hox gene control)
c. Tissue development

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ingestive heterotrophs
multicellular
tissue development
developmental stages (Hox gene control)

Distinctive Characteristics of Animals

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Animals
\_\_\_\_\_ heterotrophs
multicellular
\_\_\_\_\_ development
developmental stages (\_\_\_ gene control)

ingestive heterotrophs
multicellular
tissue dvelopment
Hox

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archenteron
endoderm
ectoderm
blastopore
gastrula

the parts of a blastocoel

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For insects, the embryonic germ layer, endoderm, contains what organ(s):

The mesoderm germ layer includes what organ(s):

The ectoderm germ layer contains what organ(s):

gut
muscle, heart, blood
cuticle, nervous system

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For vertebrates, the mesoderm germ layer contains what five organs?

skeleton, muscle, kidney, heart, blood

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For vertebrates, the ectoderm germ layer contains what two organs?

skin, nervous system

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For vertebrates, the endoderm germ layer contains what three organs?

gut, liver, lungs

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Geologic History of Animals (see slide)

Proterozoic Era
Paleozoic Era
Mesozoic Era
Cenozoic Era

Geologic History of Animals (see slide)

Proterozoic Era
Paleozoic Era
Mesozoic Era
Cenozoic Era

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Eukaryotes arise (2.5 bebop)
Common ancestor to multi-cellular organisms (1.5 bpbp)
1st complex multicellular eukaryotes (animals) may appear in fossil record (564 maybe)

Proterozoic Era (2.5-542 maybp)

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When do the first couple multicellular eukaryotes appear in the fossil record?

Proterozoic Era (565 mybp)

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Cambrian Explosion (535-524 mybp)
Land invertebrates evolve (arthropods)
Land vertebrates evolve (amphibians, reptiles/mammals)

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Around 360-460 mybp, arthropods, amphibians, reptiles, and the precursors to mammals appear. What era is this?

Paleozoic Era

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You travel back in time, using Orson Welles’ Time Machine. It is hot and muggy when you arrive in a particular era. There are preditor-prey relationships happening all around you–you might be the next prey, yikes! Arthropods try to climb up your leg.

You notice an increase in atmospheric oxygen and animals have bilateral symmetry.

What era are you in?

Paleozoic Era (after Proterozoic Era)

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Land animals evolve into new niches (adaptive radiation)
Evolution of wings, first mammals emerged
Marine
- coral reefs become prominent
Flower plants evolve and diversify in Cretaceous (late Mesozoic)

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The pop song goes “I do want to swing from a chandelier.” If the singer Maddie Ziegler were a prehistoric mammal, when would she have first NOT needed to swing and instead fly?

Mesozoic Era (251-65.5 mybp)

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Before an animal embryo becomes a blastocoel, what three “forms” does it have first?

zygote
eight-cell stage
blastula

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When’d id the first mamas emerge?

Mesozoic Era

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65.5 - Present

Cenozoic era

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What huge event happened just before the Cenozoic Era?

mass extinctions (Dino asteroid)

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You dream that the Tardis takes you back to just before the Cenozoic Era. What absence of mammals might you notice?

Large non-flying dinosaurs and marine reptiles would not be present (post Dino-asteroid)

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Animal body plans: what are the two types of symmetry?

radial symmetry

bilateral symmetry

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symmetry around a central axis, as in a starfish or a tulip flower.

radial symmetry

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the property of being divisible into symmetrical halves on either side of a unique plane.

bilateral symmetry

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An animal possessing 2 major tissue layers. These include the outer layer (the ectoderm) and the inner layer (the endoderm).

Diploblasty

An animal possessing 3 major tissue layers. It has a middle layer (the mesoderm), between the endoderm and the ectoderm.

Triploblasty

Diploplasty: ____ tissue: typically develops into the outer layer of skin and rel. structures ____ tissue: typically develops into tissues making up the digestive system A diploblastic organism has only ___ main layers of tissue in its body: ectoderm on the ____, endoderm on the inside

ectoderm, endoderm, two, outside

A Triploblastic Organism has three main layers of tissue in its body: ______: outside ______: inside ______: between the outside:inside

ectoderm endoderm mesoderm

The Geologic History of Animals ``` 65.5 mybp - present 251-65.5 mybp 542-251 mybp 542-251 mybp 2.5 mybp - 542 mybp ```

Cenozoic Era Mesozoic Era Paleozoic Era Proterozoic Era

A starfish will likely have what type of symmetry?

Radial symmetry

Flatworms, snails and octopuses have what type of body symmetry?

Bilateral symmetry

These animals have a body cavity called a coelom with a complete lining called peritoneum derived from mesoderm (one of the three primary tissue layers).

Coelomate - body cavity - tissue layer lining coelom and suspending internal organs

These animals have a pseudocoelom (literally “false cavity”), which is a fluid filled body cavity. Tissue derived from mesoderm partly lines the fluid filled body cavity of these animals. Thus, although organs are held in place loosely, they are not as well organized as in a coelomate.

Pseudocoelomate

An animal that does not possess a body cavity. (Unlike coelomates (eucoelomates), animals with a true body cavity, these animals lack a fluid-filled cavity between the body wall and digestive tract.)

Acoelomate

a multicellular organism whose mouth develops from a primary embryonic opening (blastopore)

protostome

Kingdom Animalia: the first developmental opening

blastopore

A subtaxon of the Bilateria branch of the subkingdom Eumetazoa, within Animalia, and are distinguished from protostomes by their embryonic development: their first opening (the blastopore) becomes the anus.

Deuterostome

Name two examples of protostomes:

molluscs, annelids

Name two examples of deuterostomes:

echinoderms, chordates

Based on the tree in Figure 32.11, which statement is false?

a. the animal kingdom is monophyletic b. acoelomate flatworms are more closely related to echinoderms than to annelids c. sponges are basal animals d. bilaterians form a clade

Most animals are heterotrophs. What does this mean?

Thy ingest their food and cannot produce their own energy (they gain carbon from sources other than CO2 and HCO3-).

In most animals, what follows the formation of blastula? What formation does this lead to?

gastrulation, the formation of embryonic tissue layers

T/F Hox genes in animals can produce a wide diversity of animal morphology

True

T/F Fossil biochemical evidence and molecular clock analyses indicate that animals arose over 500 million years ago.

False. Fossil biochemical evidence and molecular clock analyses indicate that animals arose over 700 million years ago.

Must animals always have bilateral or radial symmetry?

No, animals may lack symmetry.

Name the two types of Eumetazoan embryos

Diploblastic (two germ layers) or triploblastic (three germ layers)

T/F Diploblastic animals with a. body cavity may have a pseudocoelom or a true coelom

False. Triploblastic animals with a body cavity may have a pseudocoelom or a true coelom.

What two types of development often differ in patterns of cleavage, coelom formation and blastopore fate?

Protostome | Deuterostome

Match the step in animal evolution to its supposed period/era: a. Ediacaran animals b. Cambrian explosion Origin and diversification of dinosaurs c. Early land animals d. Diversification of mammals

``` Proterozoic ediacaran animals (560) ``` ``` Proterozoic-Paleozoic Cambrian explosion (535) ``` Paleozoic Early land animals Mesozoic Origin and diversification of dinosaurs Cenozoic Diversification of mammals

When the diversification of mammals majorly occurred.

Cenozoic

When land animals made through ground-breaking appearance.

Paleozoic

Where do the tissues of animals develop from?

embryonic layers

Where do the tissues of animals develop from?

embryonic layers

The zygote of an animal undergoes a series of mitotic cell divisions

Cleavag4

After a series of mitotic cell divisions (cleavage), an eight-cell embryo is formed by __ rounds of cell division?

three

A hollow ball of cells that surround a cavity called the blastocoel

blastula

A hollow ball of cells that is produced by cleavage a. blastocoel b. blastula

b. blastula

After a blastula is created, most animals under go...

gastrulation

A process in which one end of the embryo folds inwards, expands, and eventually fills the blastocoel, producing layers of embryonic tissues: the ectoderm (other layer) and the endoderm (inner layer)

Gastrulaion

The pouch formed by gastrulation

archenteron

How does the pouch formed by gastrulation, the archenteron, open to the outside?

via the blastopore

The ____ of the archenteron develops into the tissue lining the animal's digestive tract: a. ectoderm b. blastocoel c. embryo d. endoderm

endoderm

A particular set of morphological and developmental traits integrated into a functional whole

body plan

ectoderm + endoderm =

diploblastic Cnidarians and a few other animal groups

ectoderm + mesoderm + endoderm =

triploblastic: from flatworms, arthropods, vertebrates

A fluid- or air-filled space located between the digestive tract and the outer body wall. Also called...

body cavity, coelom

a body cavity that is formed from mesoderm and endoderm

pseudocoelom

T/F a pseudocoolom is not a functional body cavity

False.

Protostome development: cleavage coelom formation fate of blastopore

Protostome development: spiral cleavage determinate cleavage "as the archenteron forms in p.d., initially solid masses of mesoderm split and form the coelom." the mouth develops from the blastopore (first opening)

Deuterostome development cleavage coelom formation fate of blastopore

radial cleavage determinate cleavage "in deuterostome development, the mesoderm buds from the wall of the archenteron, and its cavity becomes the coelom." the anus develops from the first opening (blastopore)

T/F All animals share a common ancestor (monophyletic)

True

T/F Sponges are not basal animals.

False

T/F Eumatazoa is a clade of animals with true tissues

True

T/F Most animal phyla belong to the clade Bilateria

True

Are sponges a monophyletic group?

Yes

Chapter 32 Flashcards

(75 cards)