Chapter 34: Chordates

Question 1

What is the common ancestor of chordates?

Answer 1

an ancestral deuterostome

Question 2

T/F Chordates are entirely vertebrates

Answer 2

False. Vertebrates are a sub-category of chordates

Question 3

a cartilaginous skeletal rod supporting the body in all embryonic and some adult chordate animals.

Answer 3

notochord

Question 4

T/F do sharks have a vertebrae?

Answer 4

Yes, but the vertebrae is made of cartialage.

Question 5

When you hear “fish,” you think:

Answer 5

Actinopterygii

Question 6

T/F Fish have lungs or lung derivatives but sharks do not

Answer 6

True

Question 7

What separates Amphibia from fish (Actinopterygii)?

Answer 7

Amphibia have limbs with digits

Question 8

What similarity do Mammals, Reptiles, and Amphibia share?

Answer 8

limbs with digits

Question 9

What is similar between reptile and mammal?

Answer 9

each have amniotic eggs

Question 10

What do Repitlia and Mammalia share that Amphibia does not share with them?

Answer 10

Amniotic egg

Question 11

What class are Amphibia, Repitlia, and Mammalia? What class are Reptilia and Mammalia, alone?

Answer 11

Tetrapods: R, M, A
Amniotes: R, M

Question 12

PARTS
Muscle segments
Notochord
Muscular post-anal tail
Pharyngeal slits or clefts
Mouth
Brain
Dorsal, hollow nerve cord

Answer 12

Phylum Chordata

Know

Question 13

What anatomical part is unique to Phylum Chordate?

Answer 13

Notochord

Question 14

What is the key feature of Cephalochordata (Su-phylum Chordate)

Answer 14

You see the development of the head (pre)

Question 15

The first sub-phylum to have notochord throughout life

Answer 15

Cephalochordata

Question 16

By seeing a picture, recognize what the Sub-phylum Cephalochordata is: know vertebrae, notochord, etc.

Answer 16

etc.

Question 17

What is different about the sub-phylem Urochordata? (Chordates)

Answer 17

Notochord is gone in adult

Question 18

Tunicates and Sea Squirts
Notochord confined to tail
Free swimming larvae have chordate char. adult lack most of them

Answer 18

Chordate: Sub-phylum UROCHORDATA

Question 19

CRANIATES

consists of bilateral bands of cells near the margins of the embryonic folds that form the neural tube

Answer 19

neural crest

Question 20

CRANIATES

give rise to some of the anatomical structures unique to vertebrates, including some of the bones and cartilage of the skull

Answer 20

cells

Question 21

Class Myxini
Hag Fishes
Skull:
Jaws:
Vertebral Column:
Fish?:
Habitat:
Role:
Larvae:

Answer 21

cartilage
no skull
no jaws
not a true fish marine
scavenger
no larvae

Question 22

The colloquial term for the Class Myxini (Craniates)

Answer 22

Hag fishes (no skull, no jaws, not a true fish marine, no true vertebral column, not a true fish, marine habitat, scavengers)

Question 23

The colloquial term for the Class Myxini (Craniates)

Answer 23

Hag fishes (no skull, no jaws, not a true fish marine, no true vertebral column, not a true fish, marine habitat, scavengers)

Question 24

T/F Gnathostomes are false fish

Answer 24

False. Gnathostomes are true fish

Question 25

Lambreys are in what class?

Answer 25

Petromyzotida

Question 26

``` Class Petromyzotida Lampreys considered to be the ___ extant vertebrate _____ with a rasping tongue role: ______ (some are not) NO scales, no paired fins, but has a skeleton made of _____ Only -___ feed in some species The cartilage is without ____ Habitat (2) ```

Answer 26

oldest, jawless, parasitic, cartilage, larvae, collagen

Question 27

Ray-finned fish

Answer 27

Actinistia

Question 28

``` Superclass Gnathostoma ____ fish Jaws: What is the notochord replaced by in adults? Appendages: Classes for ___ ____ ____ ```

Answer 28

``` true hinged vertebrae paired appendages Classes for - cartilaginous - ray-finned fish - lobe-finned fish ```

Question 29

Class Condrichthyes | is commonly known as:

Answer 29

Cartilaginous Fishes

Question 30

750 extant species of sharks, rays, skates and chimaeras

Answer 30

Class Condrichthyes (Cartilaginous fishes)

Question 31

- streamlined, swift swimmers - suspension feeders or predators - acute black and white vision, can sense electrical fields, lateral line system for sound/vibration detection oviparous, ovoviviparous or viviparous common reproductive and excretory chamber

Answer 31

- streamlined, swift swimmers - suspension feeders or predators - acute black and white vision, can sense electrical fields, lateral line system for sound/vibration detection oviparous, ovoviviparous or viviparous common reproductive and excretory chamber

Question 32

T/F Sharks are suspension feeders or parasites

Answer 32

False. Sharks are suspension feeders or predators

Question 33

Can share sense electrical fields?

Answer 33

Yes

Question 34

What class are sharks included in? Does this class have a vertebral column?

Answer 34

Chondrichthyes | Yes

Question 35

Do sharks have a jaw and mineralized skeleton?

Answer 35

Yes

Question 36

Class Condrichthye Cartilaginous Fishes Skates and Rayes Flattened (dorsoventrally), generally bottoms welling Most are predatory, few suspension feeders Uses wing-like pectoral fins to swim Whip-like tail, sometimes with a venomous barb

Answer 36

Class Condrichthye Cartilaginous Fishes Skates and Rayes Flattened (dorsoventrally), generally bottoms welling Most are predatory, few suspension feeders Uses wing-like pectoral fins to swim Whip-like tail, sometimes with a venomous barb

Question 37

Osteicthyans (clade) - Hard bony skeleton - Ray-finned (Actinopterygii class) - Lobe-finned (Sarcopterygii class) Habitat: Endoskeleton: Osteicthyans now includes all its bony skeletons ____ class are the bony Ra-finned fish ______ class are the lobe-finned fish Flattened (lateral), bony scales, secrete slime Lateral line system (vibration) and operculum covers gills) Swim bladder for ___ compensation Usually oviparous, external fertilization

Answer 37

Actinopterygii Sarcopterygii buoyancy

Question 38

Bony fish belong specifically to

Answer 38

Actinopterygii

Question 39

T/F Dipnoi and Actinistia are lobe-finned fish

Answer 39

True

Question 40

T/F Amphibia are part of tetrapods

Answer 40

True

Question 41

5k extant species of frogs, salamanders and caecilians in 3 orders

Answer 41

Class Amphibia

Question 42

Believed to be derived from lobe-finned fishes Live in water and moist places, some breath through skin, others have lungs or gills Some go through metamorphosis (frogs) Eggs: no shells, fertilization mostly external Care of eggs - some unguarded/untended Some ended (male or female) Some ovoviviparous, some viviparous

Answer 42

Class Amphibia

Question 43

``` Class Amphibia: Order Urodela SALAMANDERS 400 species Habitat: Retained as adults: Walk: ```

Answer 43

some aquatic others are terrestrial as adults or throughout life tales retained as adults side-to-side undulating fashion

Question 44

T/F Salamanders retain their tales as adults

Answer 44

True

Question 45

3500k species of frogs and toads Aquatic larva with gills, tail and lateral line system: metamorphose to adults with no tail Sticky tongue for catching flies Skin often has distasteful or poisonous secretions Frog songs very species specific

Answer 45

Class Amphibia | Order Anura

Question 46

Difference between toads and frogs

Answer 46

Frogs are in the water a lot more

Question 47

Class Amphibia Order Apoda Caecilians ``` From class Amphibia 150+ species Legless, nearly blind, resemble earthworms Entirely tropical Habitat: some terrestrial, some aquatic Jaws/teeth, most lungs, eat insects ```

Answer 47

Class Amphibia Order Apoda Caecilians

Question 48

What is the major change that separates reptilia and mammal from amphibia, etc.?

Answer 48

Amniotic egg***

Question 49

7k species of lizards, snakes, turtles and crocodiles Numerous fossil species, considered paraphyletic Scales of keratin Mostly shelled eggs, internal fertiilization Ectothermic, some debate that some dinosaurs were endothermic Evidence: bone growth, cenemial crest, etc.

Answer 49

Class Reptilia

Question 50

Turtles Habitat: marine, aquatic or terrestrial Hard shell in most Moist surfaces in cloaca used for gas exchange Lay eggs on land, often in holes and then buried TDSD - IA TSD: Temperature Dependent Sex Determination Pattern IA: Low temp = males Pattern IB: Low temp = Females Pattern II: Mid-Temp = Males, High & Low Temp = Females

Answer 50

Class Reptilian | Order Chelonia