Chapter 33: PP Flashcards by Beth Erb

What is the common ancestor of all animals?

Ancestral protist

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For invertebrates, what is the most basal taxon?

Porifera (sponges)

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List the five major groups of invertebrates:

Porifera (sponges)
Cnidaria
-Lophotrochozoa
- Ecdysozoa

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Porifera
Cnidaria
Lophotrochozoa
(\_\_\_\_\_, annelida \_\_\_)
Ecdysozoa
(\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ and \_\_\_\_\_)
Deuterostomia
(echinoderms and \_\_\_\_)

molusca, Platyhelminthes

nematodes
arthropodes

chordates

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Protostomes

Lophotrochozoa (molusca, annelida platyhelminthes)

Ecdysozoa
nematodes, arthropods

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T/F Invertebrates contain all phyla except part of Excavata

False. Invertebrates contain all phyla except part of Chordata

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T/F Most species are marine or terrestrial

False. Most species are marine or aquatic

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What is the defining characteristic of invertebrates?

They lack a backbone

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What percentage of known animal species do invertebrates account for?

a. 10%
b. 97%
c. 95%
d. 86%

c. 95%

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Invertebrates are

a. morphologically diverse
b. physiologically homogenous
c. morphologically unpredictable

Invertebrates are morphologically diverse

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basal animals

lack true tissues

Phylum Porifera

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You find a basal animal that lacks true tissues and is sessile. It feeds in a marine environment, and it reproduces sexually and asexually. What phylum is it in?

Phylum Porifera

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About 9k species
Basal animals that lack true tissues
Sessile and mostly marine suspension feeders
Hermaphroditic(usually alternate, no self-fertilization)
Can reproduce sexually and asexually
- fragmentation and budding
- gemmules: fresh water

Phylum Porifera (Sponges)

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You find an animal that is sessile and mostly hermaphroditic. It reproduces asexually through fragmentation and budding, but it can also reproduce sexually. What phylum is it in?

Phylum Porifera

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Hermaphroditic

an organism that has complete or partial reproductive organs and produces gametes normally associated with both male and female sexes

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What type of feeders are Phylum Porifera sponges usually?

Marine suspension feeders

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a tough-coated dormant cluster of embryonic cells produced by a freshwater sponge for development in more favorable conditions.

gemmule

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In winter, what might be produced by a Phylum Porifera sponge?

gemmule (food-laded amoebocyte)

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When the covering of a gemmule breaks open, what is revealed?

A new sponge (Phylum Porifera)

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What does “suspension feeder” mean (Phylum Porifera)?

sponges capture food particles suspended in the water that passes through their body

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What is drawn into the cavity called the spongocoel?

What is drawn out through the opening called osculum?

Water (spongocoel)

Water (osculum)

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T/F All sponges in the Phylum Porifera lack true tissues and organs

True

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Phylum Porifera: Sponge Parts

Flagellated cells that create current

Flagellum pulls water and food trapped in mucus on collar

Transports nutrients to other cells, makes spicules, becomes sponge cell

Gelatinous matter between walls

Epidermis

Where the water enters the sponge

A cavity where water is drawn into from the pores

a. Choanocytes
b. Choanocyte
c. Amoebocyte
d. Mesophyl
e. Pores
f. Spongocoel

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Bath sponges compose

a. 90% of all sponges
b. 55 % of all sponges.
c. 87% of all sponges

a. 90% of all sponges are bath sponges

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Eumetazoa

``` Cnidaria Lophotrochozoa (Mollusca, annelida platyhelminthes) Ecdysozoa (nematodes, arthropodes) Deuterostomia (echinoderms and chordates) ```

About 10k species (both sessile (jelly) and motile (coral) forms Simply body plan with two forms (polyp and medusa) and diploblast-radial symmetry Single central gastrovascular cavity and single opening (mouth/anus) Predatory: capture using tentacles with cnidocytes

Phylum Cnidaria

You find a species with a diploblast-radial symmetry and a single gastrovascular cavity. The species is a predator and uses its tentacles to capture prey. What phylum does this species belong too?

Phylum Cnidaria

You find a species whose mouth and anus is a single opening. The species has a medusa form and is sessile. What phylum does it belong to?

Phylum Cnidaria

T/F the Phylum Cnidaria has two variants of a body plan: the motile polyp the sessile medusa

False. sessile polyp motile medusa

This variant adheres to the substrate by the aboral end of its body

PHYLUM CNIDARIA | Polyp

A bell-shaped body with a mouth on the underside

PHYLUM CNIDARIA | medusa

T/F Medusae attach to the substate but can move freely

Fale. Medusae do NOT attach to the substrate and move freely

Very simple muscles made of bundles of contractile microfilaments Movements controlled by a nerve net (no brain) Sensory receptors feed into nerve net allowing stimulus/response

PHYLUM CNIDARIA: Muscles and Nerves

T/F Phylum Cnidaria have no brain

True

For species in the phylum cnidaria, how are their movements controlled?

nerve net

For species in the phylum cnidaria, their simple muscles are made up of what?

bundles of contractile microfilaments

PHYLUM CNIDARIA | Sensory ____ feed into nerve net allowing stimulus/response

receptors

Phylum Cnidaria: | List four classes

Hydrozoa Scyphozoa Cubozoa Anthozoa

You find a Portuguese man-of-war, some hydras and one coral. What class and phylum do they belong to?

Class Hydrozoa | Phylum Cnidaria

jellies, sea nettles

Class Scyphozoa | Phylum Cnidaria

box jellies, sea wasps

Class Cubozoa | Phylum Cnidaria

sea anemones most corals sea fans

Class Anthozoa | Phylum Cnidaria

Match the characteristic to the class of Phylum Cnidaria: a. all marine, medusa stage is completely absent b. all marine, polyp stage is reduced, free-swimming, medusa c. most marine, both polyp and medusa stages in most species d. all marine; box-shaped medusa, complex eyes

a. anthozoa b. scyphozoa c. hydrozoa d. cubozoa

You find a Cnidaria species that has a completely absent medusa stage. What class is this species in?

Phylum Cnidaria: Class Anthozoa

What three classes of Cnidaria are all marine?

Scyphozoa Cubozoa Anthozoa

Both polyp and medusa stages in most of these Cnidaria species

Hydrozoa (Portuguese man-of-war, Obelia, etc.)

You find a sea anemone and a sea fan. Will they have both a polyp and medusa stage?

No. The Class Anthozoa is completely missing a medusa stage

Know the Hydrozoan Life Cycle

Meiosis (diploid) produces an egg and sperm which goes through fertilization to produce a zygote which goes to planula (larva) to a developing polyp -> mature polyp -> asexual reproduction (budding) to a medusa bud -> gonad -> a gonad produces an egg and sperm which go through sexual reproduction

Clad of all animals having bilateral symmetry: What does this clade exclude?

Lophotrochozoa (mollusca and annelida Platyhelminthes) Ecdysozoa (nematodes and arthropods) Deuterostomia (echinoderms and chordates) EXCLUDES: Porifera and Chordata

What is the difference between coelomate, pseudocoelomate and acoelomate?

Coelomate has a true body cavity (coelom), pseudocoelomate has a false body cavity, acoelomate has no body cavity

Molecular-defined clade has a crown of ciliated tentacles that function in feeding: trochophore larvae mollusca and annelids some members share neither of the above traits

Lophotrochozoa

You find a mollusk that has trochophore larvae. What phylum may it belong to. What symmetry does this phylum have?

Locotrochozoa. Bilateral symmetry

free-swimming planktonic marine larva with several bands of cilia

trochophore larvae

Platyhelminthes, Annelida, Molusca

Lophotrochozoa

This phylum has radial symmetry

Cnidaria

20k species free-living and parasitic body dorsoventrally flattened more complex (have mesoderm with true muscles, gastrovascular cavity with one openng 4 classes: Turbellaria, monogenean, Trematoda and cestoidea

Acoelomates: Phylum Platyhelminthes (Lophotrochozoa)

What type of body cavity do Platyhelminthes (Phylum Lophotrochozoa) have?

acoelomates

You find a species with a mesoderm. It's body has true muscles. Oddly enough, it is parasitic and free-living. What phylum is this species in?

Acoelomates: Phylum Platyhelminthes: Lophotrochozoa

Acoelomates: Phylum Platyhelminthes: Lophotrochozoa - 20k species - free-living and ____ - body dorsoventrally ___ - more complex (has mesoderm) with __ muscles, gastrovascular cavity with one opening - four classes

parasitic flattened true

Turbellaria Monogenea Tramatoda Cestoidea

Four classes of the Phylum Platyhelminthes (Acoelomates / Lophotrochozoa)

``` Phylum Echinodermata all marine ____ symmetrical as adults, planktonic larvae are ____ symmetrical water vascular system separate sexes, external fertilization ```

radially symmetrical as adults | planktonic larvae are bilaterally symmetrical

``` radially symmetrical as adults planktonic larvae are bilaterally symmetrical water vascular system separate sexes external fertilization all marine ```

Phylum Echinodermata

Deuterostomia

echinoderms and chordata

``` multiple appendates - extreme specialization (2 pairs of antennae) - walking legs on thorax - appendages on abdomen - lost appendages regenerate gas exchange: gills or simple diffusion open circulatory system sexes separate with swimming larvae ```

``` Phylum Arthropoda (Ecdysozoa) Subphylum Crustacea ```

For the Phylum Ecdysozoa (Arthropoda) - Subphylum Crustacea T/F there are multiple appendages T/F gas exchange is through gills or simple diffusion

True | True

When do sexes separate in the Subphylum Crustacea (Ecdysozoa)

with swimming larvae

Class Malacostraca - Order Isopoda: dorsoventrally flattened - Order Amphipoda: laterally flattened - Order Decapoda: crabs, shrimp, lobsters, crayfish

Phylum Arthropoda (Subphylum Crustacea)

ECDYSOZOA: Phylum Arthropoda: Subphylum Hexapoda: Class Insect

Habitat: all terrestrial environments, some aquatic or marine Many fly: 1-2 pairs of wings Open circulatory system Complex digestive system Malpighian tubules for excretion Gas exchange by tracheae (open to air by spiracles)

ECDYSOZOA: Phylum Arthropoda: Subphylum Hexapoda: Class Insect

Metamorphosis - incomplete egg -> nymph (mini adults w/o wings) -> adult - complete metamorphosis egg -> larva (worm-like -> pupa (cocoon) -> adult Reproduction: usually sexual Internal fertilization - sometimes sperm packets attach externally

ECDYSOZOA: Phylum Arthropoda: Subphylum Hexapoda: Class Insect Fill in the blanks: ``` a. Incomplete Metamorphosis: ___ -> _____ -> _____ b. Complete metamorphosis ___ -> _____-> ____ -> _____ c. Reproduction: d. Fertilization: ```

a. egg -> nymph -> adult b. egg -> larva -> pupa -> adult c. usually sexual d. internal

ECDYSOZOA: Phylum Arthropoda: Subphylum Hexapoda: Class Insect fill in the blanks ``` Habitat: % Who Fly: Circulatory System: Digestive System: For Excretion: Gas Exchange: ```

Habitat: all terrestrial environments, some aquatic or marine % Who Fly: many fly (1-2 pairs of wings) Circulator System: open Digestive System: complex For Excretion: Malpighian tubules Gas Exchange: by tracheae (open to air by spiracles)

Class Diplopoda - Millipedes - worm-like, many legs (2 per segment) - eat plant material ``` Class Chilopoda - Centipedes - pair of antennae on head - mouth parts: 3 pair of modified appendages (jawline mandibles) - 1 pair of walking legs per segment Predators: poison claws ```

Phylum Arthropoda: Subphylum Cheliceroformes

Ecdysozoa: Phylum Arthropoda: Subphylum Cheliceroformes fill in the blanks: ``` Class Diplopoda Casual name: Legs: Like: Diet: ``` ``` Class Chilopoda Casual name: Antennae: Mouth parts: Walking legs: Relationship to the weak: Claws ```

``` Class Diplopoda Casual name: Millipedes Legs: many legs (2/segment) Like: wormlike Diet: vegetarian ``` Class Chilopoda Casual name: centipedes Antennae: pair of antennae on head Mouth parts: 3 pairs of modified appendages (jawline mandibles) Walking legs: 1 pair of walking legs per segment Relationship to the weak: predator Claws: poisoned

You find a spider. What phylum and subphylum and class might he belong to?

``` Phylum Ecdysozoa (Arthropoda), Subphylum Cheliceroformes Class Arachnida ```

Parts of the Class Arachnida (Phylum Ecdysozoa/Arthropoda, Subphylum Cheliceroformes)

``` spinnerets book lunk chelicera pedipalp (KNOW THIS SLIDE) ```

``` Phylum Arthropoda Subphylum Cheliceroformes Class Arachnida List four examples Type of thorax: # of chelicerae # of pedipalps # of legs Type of lungs Use of spinnerets Place of gas exchange (air pocket w plates of hemolymph) ```

- cephalothorax - one pair of chelicerae - one pair of pedipalps - four pairs of legs book lungs (rarely trachea) spinnerets produce silk Book lungs

Bilateral -> Ecdysozoa -> Phylum Arthropoda ``` List four examples type of cephalization: development of sense organs: circulatory system: specialized surfaces for gas exchange ```

millipedes, insects, crabs, spiders - estensive cephalization - well-developed sense organs - open circulatory system - gills

List four subphylum of the Phylum Arthropoda (Ecdysozoa)

Cheliceriformes Myriapoda Hexapoda Crustacea

2/3 of all organisms

Phylum Arthropoda (Phylum Ecdysozoa)

Main Characteristics: segmented (head, thorax, and abdomen hard exoskeleton (requires molting) joined appendages

Phylum Arthropoda | - millipedes, insects, crabs, spiders -

KNOW the subphylum of the Phylum Anthropoid

See PP

``` ECDYSOZOA Phylum Nematoda casual: type of life: segmentation: tapering: type of body cavity: muscle type: zygotes: sexual sex: habitat: ```

``` round worms free-living and parasitic tapered at both ends pseudocoelom longitudinal resistant male and female abundant in soil and detritus ```

Caenorhabditis elegans and Trichinella spiralis are notable types of what?

Nematodes (ECDYSOZOA)

You find a plant root parasite. What phylum is this classified as?

Phylum Nematoda (Ecdyosozoa)

T/F Ecdysozoa is a phylum not a clade

False. Ecdysozoa is a clade

T/F a. Ecdysozoa is a morphological based clade b. contains deuterostomes and annelids c. organisms that shed their exoskeleton

a. Ecdysozoa is a molecular based clade b. contains nematodes and arthropoda c. organisms molt their exoskeleton

Phylum Annelida: | KNOW the slide with the segmented worm parts

SEE SLIDE

Casual name for Phylum Annelida (Lophotrochozoa clade)

Segmented worms

RECENT CLASSIFICATION OF ANNELIDA: | a. What does molecular analysis indicate?

two clades

Phylum Annelida (lophotrochozoa) Clade: Errantians Mobility: Habitat: "beside feet": Pair of paddle-like/ ridge-like structures on each body segment w many chatae (chitin bristles): Each parapodium has numerous chatae (bristles of chitin) ____ are not unique to this clade

``` most are mobile marine parapodia parapodium parapodium parapodia ```

Phylum Annelida (Lophotrochozoa) Sedentarian Clade Mobility: Live: Contains (2):

less mobile burrow or live in protective tubes leeches and earthworms

Which clade of Annelida (Lophotrochozoa) includes tube-dwellers with elaborate gills or tentacles used for filter feeding?

Sedentarians

Reduced head; no parapodia, but chateau present

Oligocheta (freshwater, marine, and terrestrial segmented worms)

Well-developed head Each segment has parapodia with chatae Tube-dwelling and free-living

Polychaeta (mostly marine segmented worms)

``` Body usually flattened with reduced coelom and segmentation Chateau absent suckers at anterior and posterior ends Parasites Predators Scavengers ```

Hirudinea (leeches)

Attach the examples to the class of Phylum Annelida segmented worms: Leeches Marine segmented worms Freshwater, marine and terrestrial segmented worms (earthworms)

Hirudinea Polychaeta Oligochaeta

``` Phylum Annelida of Lophotrochozoa Clade __________________ Casual: Habitat (3): Segmentation: Digestive system: Circulatory system: Waste removed and expelled by: ____ but cross-fertilizing Sometimes ___ reproducton ```

``` Marine, aquatic, moist soil Segmented body Complex digestive system Closed circulatory system Metanephridia Hermaphroditic ``` Sometimes, segmented worms are cross-fertilizing and sometimes reproduce asexually

LOPHOTROCHOZOA: Phylum Mollusca: Class Cephalopoda ``` Internal shell: Mantel covers: Location of mouth: Use of beak: Use of water jets: Use of ink gland: ``` T/F Has a well-developed brain and nerves system, advanced sensory organs and open circulatory system

Has no or reduced internal shell (except in nautiluses) Mantel covers visceral mass Mouth is at the center of several long tentacles Beak is used to inject venom Water jets are used for locomotion Ink glands are used to deter predators False. Cephalopods have a very well-developed brain and nervous system, adv. sensory organs and closed circulatory system

Flattened with shell in two shells (2 halves) Head reduced, no radula Paired gills, mantle modified into siphons Suspension feeders Attach to rocks or pilings by byssal threads or Burrow in sand or mud using foot

Lophotrochozoa: Phylum Mollusca: Class Bivalvia

Lophotrochozoa: Phylum Mollusca: Class Gastropoda

``` 40k species Asymmetrical body, torsion (***) Coiled shell in most Foot for locomotion Radula Herbivores (grazers) or predators ```

``` Entirely marina Shell composed of eight plates, mantle sometimes covering shell Foot used for locomotion Head is reduced, radula present Grazers ```

Lophotrochozoa: Phylum Mollusca: Class Polyplecophora - Chitons

Start at Phylum Platyhelminthes: Class Turbellaria

FINISH to -> Phylum Mollusca

Chapter 33: PP Flashcards

(102 cards)