CHAP 44 - HEMATOLOGIC

Question 1

Measures the action of prothrombin
reveals deficiencies in prothrombin, factors V, VII, and X (5,7,10)

Answer 1

PROTHROMBIN TIME

Question 2

Measures activity of thromboplastin, reveals deficiencies in thromboplastin, factors VIII-XII. (8-12)

Answer 2

PARTIAL THROMBOPLASTIN TIME

Question 3

Measures the time required for bleeding
at a stab wound on the earlobe to stop;
reveals deficiencies in platelet formation
and vasoconstrictive ability

Answer 3

BLEEDING TIME

Question 4

Measures platelet function; interval
from placement of blood in a tube to the
point clot shrinks and expels serum.

Answer 4

CLOT RETRACTION

Question 5

Measures capillary fragility and platelet
function; response of tissue to
application of tourniquet to forearm for
5–10 min.

Answer 5

TORNIQUET

Question 6

Evaluates thromboplastin function; if
clot formation used a great deal of
prothrombin (as it should), serum
prothrombin time will be brief;
prolongation denotes defects in
thromboplastin function.

Answer 6

PROTHROMBIN CONSUMPTION TIME

Question 7

Tests basic ability to form
thromboplastin; distinguishes factor VIII
from factor IX disorders.

Answer 7

THROMBOPLASTIN GENERATION TIME

Question 8

Measures stage 4 clotting process or
level of fibrinogen in blood.

Answer 8

PLASMA FIBRINOGEN

Question 9

Measures factor deficits in stages 2 and
4

Answer 9

VENOUS CLOTTING TIME

Question 10

Assessment and Therapeutic Techniques for Hematologic Disorders

Answer 10

BONE MARROW ASPIRATION AND BIOPSY

BLOOD TRANSFUSION

Question 11

Intravenous infusion of stem cells to restore bone marrow function in patients with blood disorders.

Answer 11

HEMATOPOIETIC STEM CELL TRANSPLANTATION

Question 12

Types of Hematopoietic Stem Cell Transplantation
 ___________ – Stem cells from a donor (sibling, unrelated match, cord blood).

Answer 12

Allogeneic

Question 13

 ____________ – From an identical twin (rare).

Answer 13

Syngeneic

Question 14

NORMAL COLOR

Answer 14

NORMOCHROMIC

Question 15

NORMAL CELL SIZE

Answer 15

NORMOCYTIC

Question 16

Blood loss that is sufficient to cause anemia can occur from trauma such as an automobile accident with internal bleeding.

Answer 16

ACUTE BLOOD-LOSS ANEMIA

Question 17

Acute infection or inflammation, especially in infants, can cause increased destruction or decreased productionof
erythrocytes.

Answer 17

ANEMIA OF ACUTE INFECTION

Question 18

Either acute or chronic renal disease can cause loss of function in kidney cells, which causes an accompanying decreaseinerythropoietin production, resulting in a normocytic, normochromic anemia

Answer 18

ANEMIA OF RENAL DISEASE

Question 19

Malignant growths such as leukemia or lymphoma (common neoplasms of childhood) result in normochromic, normocyticanemias because the invasion of bone marrow by proliferating neoplastic cells impairs RBC production.

Answer 19

ANEMIA OF NEOPLASTIC DISEASE

Question 20

Under usual conditions, blood filters rapidly through the spleen. If the spleen becomes enlarged, however, bloodcellspassthrough more slowly, with more cells being destroyed in the process

Answer 20

HYPERSPLENISM

Question 21

(Fanconi syndrome) is inherited as an autosomal recessive trait. A child is born with several
congenital anomalies, such as skeletal and renal abnormalities, hypogenitalism, and short stature. Between 4 and12yearsofage, the child begins to manifest symptoms of pancytopenia , or a reduction of all blood cell components

Answer 21

CONGENITAL APLASTIC ANEMIA

Question 21

is a decrease in bone marrow production, which occurs if a child is excessively exposedtoradiation, drugs, or chemicals known to cause bone marrow damage. Exposure to insecticides and chemotherapeuticdrugstemporarily causes this.

Answer 21

ACQUIRED APLASTIC ANEMIA

Question 22

result from depression of hematopoietic activity in the bone marrow. The formation and development of WBCs,platelets, and RBCs can all be affected (Rovó, Tichelli, & Dufour, 2013).

Answer 22

APLASTIC ANEMIA

Question 23

result from depression of hematopoietic activity in bone marrow and can also be either congenital or acquired. Only RBCs are affected.

Answer 23

HYPOPLASTIC ANEMIA

Question 24

a (Blackfan–Diamond syndrome) is a rare disorder apparently caused by an inherent defect inRBCformation that affects both sexes and shows symptoms as early as the first 6 to 8 months of life

Answer 24

CONGENITAL HYPOPLASTIC ANEMIA

Question 25

An acquired form of this can be caused by infection with parvovirus 19, the infectious agent that causes fifth disease

Answer 25

ACQUIRED HYPOPLASTIC ANEMIA

Question 26

When hemoglobin production is inadequate, erythrocytes appear pale

Answer 26

HYPOCHROMIC ANEMIA

Question 27

Most common anemia of infancy and childhood, occurring whenever the intake of dietary iron is inadequate. Withoutadequate iron, hemoglobin cannot be incorporated into RBCs.

Answer 27

IRON-DEFICIENCY ANEMIA

Question 28

AN IRON SALT

Answer 28

FERROUS SULFATE

Question 29

, anemia of a hypochromic, microcytic type occurs, which is probably caused by impaired iron metabolism

Answer 29

CHRONIC INFECTION ANEMIA

Question 30

Is one in which the RBCs appear abnormally large (Lum, 2012).

Answer 30

MACROCYTIC (MEGALOBLASTIC) ANEMIA

Question 31

A deficiency of folic acid combined with vitamin C deficiency produces an anemia in which the erythrocytes growabnormallylarge. There is often accompanying neutropenia and thrombocytopenia.

Answer 31

ANEMIA OF FOLIC ACID DEFICIENCY

Question 32

results from a deficiency in or an inability of the body to use the vitamin B12 & C (Scott & Molloy, 2012).

Answer 32

PERNICIOUS ANEMIA (VITAMIN B12 DEFICIENCY)

Question 33

The number of erythrocytes is low because there is increased erythrocyte destruction

Answer 33

HEMOLYTIC ANEMIA

Question 34

 RBCs are small and have a short life span due to membrane protein abnormalities that make themunusually permeabletosodium

Answer 34

CONGENITAL SPHEROCYTOSIS

Question 35

An autosomal recessive disorder caused by a mutation in the β-chain of hemoglobin, where valine replaces glutamic acid

Answer 35

SICKLE CELL ANEMIA

Question 35

Autosomal recessive anemias associated with abnormalities of the chain of adult hemoglobin (HgbA).

Answer 35

THALASSEMIAS

Question 35

is an enzyme essential for RBC survival; its deficiency causes premature RBC destruction.

Answer 35

GLUCOSE-6 PHOSPHATE DEHYDROGENASE DEFICIENCY

Question 36

happens when IgG antibodies attack and destroy red blood cells, causing hemolysis

Answer 36

AUTOIMMUNE ACQUIRED HEMOLYTIC ANEMIA

Question 37

An increased RBC count due to elevated erythropoiesis in response to low oxygen levels

Answer 37

POLYCYTHEMIA

Question 38

defined as a platelet count below 40,000/mm³, causing impaired blood clotting.

Answer 38

THROMBOCYTOPENIA

Question 39

hemorrhagic rash or small hemorrhages in the superficial layer of skin.

Answer 39

PURPURAS

Question 40

is an autoimmune disorder where antiplatelet antibodies destroy plateletsdespite normal platelet production

Answer 40

IDIOPATHIC THROMBOCYTOPENIC PURPURA (ITP)

Question 41

Often follows a mild infection and presents with purpura (typically on the buttocks and legs), which may initially resemble a platelet disorder.

Answer 41

IgA VASCULITIS

Question 42

INHERITED DISORDERS OF BLOOD COAGULATION

Answer 42

HEMOPHILIAS

Question 43

This classic hemophilia is caused by a deficiency of factor VIII (antihemophilic factor) and is inherited as a sex-linkedrecessive trait.

Answer 43

HEMOPHILIA A

Question 44

Inherited bleeding disorder affecting both boys and girls; also called _________

Answer 44

VON WILLEBRAND DISEASE (angiohemophilia)

Question 45

A less common form of hemophilia caused by factor IX deficiency

Answer 45

CHRISTMAS DISEASE (HEMOPHILIA B)

Question 46

 Caused by a deficiency in factor XI

Answer 46

HEMOPHILIA C

Question 47

Triggered by severe trauma, infection, or serious illness  Bleeding becomes uncontrolled, starting with petechiae, bruising, or bleeding from IV or injection sites

Answer 47

DISSEMINATED INTRAVASCULAR COAGULATION (DIC)