Flashcards in Chapter 03A: Molecules, Compounds, and Chemical Equations Deck (43)
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Compound
Substance with 2+ elements CHEMICALLY combined in a DEFINITE proportion by mass
Can be decomposed into simpler substances
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Chemical formula
An abbreviation for compounds
Contains symbols & ratio of atoms/elements
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Molecular formula
Gives ACTUAL number of atoms of each element, in the smallest unit of substance
H2O
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Empirical formula
Shows SIMPLEST (reduced) whole-number ratio of atoms in a substance
C6H12O6 --> CH2O
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Structural formula
Uses lines to represent covalent bonds
Shows how atoms are connected or bonded to each other
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Chemical bonds
Forces that hold atoms together in compounds
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Ionic bond
*Type of chemical bond*
Attraction between oppositely charged ions
Occurs between metals (cations) and nonmetals (anions)
TRANSFER of 1+ electrons from metal to nonmetal
RESULT: Ionic compound
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Covalent bond
*Type of chemical bond*
Occurs between 2+ nonmetals/metalloids
SHARING of electrons
RESULT: Molecule, molecular compound
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Atomic elements
Exist in nature with single atoms as their basic units
(Most elements fall into this category)
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Molecular elements
Exist normally in nature as molecules
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Diatomic elements (7)
H - Hydrogen
N - Nitrogen
O - Oxygen
F - Fluorine
Cl - Chlorine
Br - Bromine
I - Iodine
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Polyatomic elements (3)
P - Phosphorus (P4)
S - Sulfur (S8)
Se - Selenium (Se8)
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Ionic compound
Cation + anion
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Formula unit
Basic unit of ionic compound
The smallest, electrically neutral collection of ions
e.g. NaCl
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Monatomic ion
1 atom
e.g. Na ion
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Polyatomic ion
2+ atoms
e.g. nitrate
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Nomenclature: ionic
Metal + nonmetal/anion
Cation (charge) + anion + ide
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Nomenclature: molecular
Nonmetals/metalloids
Prefix (2+) + 1st element + prefix + 2nd element + ide
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Nomenclature: binary acid
Hydrogen + nonmetal
Hydro + nonmetal + ic + acid
*(aq) aqueous
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Nomenclature: oxyacid
Hydrogen + oxyanion
Oxyanion + ic (ate) OR ous (ite) + acid
*(aq) aqueous
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Acid
Substance that yields hydrogen ions when dissolved in water
Hydrogen is written first to indicate that a substance is an acid
*To be called an acid, compound must be dissolved in water
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Binary acid
Acid with only 2 elements
Format: HX
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Oxyacids
Acid with hydrogen cation/ion and an oxyanion
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Oxyanion prefix: per
One more oxygen than -ate
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Oxyanion suffix: ate
Becomes -ic acid
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Oxyanion suffix: ite
Becomes -ous acid
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Oxyanion prefix: hypo
One less oxygen than -ite
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Base
Substance that yields hydroxide ions when dissolved in water
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Hydrate
Ionic compounds (solids) that have a specific number of water molecules attached to them as part of their crystalline structure
Often decompose by losing water upon heating
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