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Exam Chapters > CHapter 1 > Flashcards

CHapter 1 Flashcards

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1
Q

What is an Isotope

A

An element that has same number of protons but different number of neutrons and masses (behave the same)

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2
Q

What is a Radioisotope

A

unstable isotope that decays giving off radiation

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3
Q

Radioactive Tracer

A

radioisotopes can be used to trace the path of atoms throughout the body

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4
Q

Ionic Bond

A

Bond between metal and non metals

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5
Q

Covalent bonds

A

Two nonmetals share valence electrons

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6
Q

Electronegativity

A

Measure of an atom’s attraction to electrons

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7
Q

Polar

A

Unequal sharing of electrons
0<EN<1.7

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8
Q

Non-Polar

A

Equal distribution of charges
EN >0.4 is nonpolar

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9
Q

Hydrogen bonds

A

-Strongest force of attraction
-May form between atoms in the same or different molecules
-Weaker than ionic and covalent bonds when temp increases

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10
Q

Other van der waal forces

A

-Very weak attraction
-Form from the momentary attractions of electrons to nuclei of other molecules

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11
Q

Dehydration reaction ( Condensation Reaction)

A

Joining two molecules through the REMOVAL of water

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12
Q
  1. Hydrolysis reaction
A

Splitting two molecules and adding a water molecule

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13
Q
  1. Neutralization Reaction
A

A reaction in which an acid and a base combine to create a salt and water

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14
Q

What is the universal solvent

A

Water

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15
Q

What is Cohesion

A

Attraction between like molecules

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16
Q

What is Adhesion

A

Attraction between different molecules

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17
Q

Which of the 5 properties of water Helps plants transport water and Allows water to dissolve polar substance

A

Adhesion

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18
Q

what is High Specific Heat Capacity

A

when Water can absorb large amounts of thermal energy, which can help organisms maintain a constant heat temp

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19
Q

What is High Specific Heat Of Vaporization

A

How water Absorbs large amounts of heat when it evaporates

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20
Q

What do Organisms use to cool themselves off

A

High Specific Heat Of Vaporization

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21
Q

Why is Solid Water is Less Dense than Liquid Water

A

When water cools the molecules for a lattice structure which the particles are more further apart therefore lower density (ice)

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22
Q

What is Hydrophobic

A

Hydrophobic- non polar substances that are not attracted to water (ex oil)

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23
Q

What is Hydrophilic

A

Hydrophilic- polar substance that are attracted to water ( ex. salt)

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24
Q

What Ions are responsible for acidity

A

H3O+ ions are responsible for acidity ( H3O+ > OH-. = acidic)

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25
What are properties of Acids
Tates sour, conducts elec, Turns blue litmus paper Red
26
What Ions are responsible for alkalinity
OH- ions are responsible for alkalinity (basic)
27
What are properties of Bases
Taste Bitter, Feel Slippery, Conducts Electricity, Turns Red Litmus paper Blue
28
What is a Buffer
a chemical that change the pH by accepting or releasing H+ ions
29
What is a functional group
A group of atoms that affects the functions of molecule by participating in chemical reaction
30
What is a hydroxyl
-C-OH Major class of molecule = alcohol
31
what is a carbonyl
aldehydes: -C-C=O | H Ketones: -C-C=O | C
32
What is a carboxyl
-C-COOH or =O -C-C -OH Major class of molecule = organic acids
33
What is an amino
-C-NH2 or --H -C-N --H Major class of molecule = amino acid
34
What is Phosphate
-C-PO4^2 or O | -C-O-P-O- || O Major class of molecule = nucleotides, nucleic acids, many other cellular molecules
35
What is a sulfhydryl
-C-SH Major class of molecule = many cellular molecules
36
What is a Carbohydrate
Something that contains C, H & O
37
What is a Monosaccharides
-Simplest carbohydrate,consists of a single sugar molecule
38
What is a Disaccharides
A carbohydrate made up of 2 monosaccharides
39
What is a Glycosidic Bond
a bond between 2 monosaccharides
40
What is a Polysaccharides
More than 2 monosaccharides linked together
41
What is Polymerization
the linking of smaller subunits to create bigger molecules
42
What is Starch
Something that stores sugar in plants
43
What is glycogen
Something that stores sugar in animals
44
What is Chitin
The structural component in fungi and insects
45
What is a Isomers
A molecule that has the same compositions but different arrangements of atoms
46
What do different chemical arrangements do for different Isomers
Different chemical arrangements can give different functions
47
What are most non-polar lipids/carbs made of
Non polar made mostly of C and H ( Hydrophobic)
48
What is a Fatty acid
- Structural backbones of lipids -Consists carboxyl group and hydrocarbon chain(gives acidic properties)
49
What is a saturated fat
Saturated Fats are lipids composed of saturated fatty acids with single bonds in their hydrocarbon chain.
50
What is a unsaturated Fat
Unsaturated fat Lipids composed of unsaturated fatty acids with double bonds in their hydrocarbon chain
51
What are fats
A combination of fatty acids and glycerol molecules
52
What is a Triglyceride
a fat that contains three fatty acids linked to a glycerol molecule
53
What is a Phospholipid
Contains 2 hydrophobic fatty acid tails and hydrophilic phosphate group(polar) bond to a glycerol head
54
What is a amphipathic molecules
Molecules containing both hydrophobic and hydrophilic regions
55
In a amphipathic molecules what is polar and hydrophilic and what is hydrophobic
Head is polar and hydrophilic Tail is hydrophobic
56
What is a Phospholipid Bilayer
Forms a double layered membrane around cells/organelles
57
What is a Steroid
A lipid that is composed of 4 carbon rings
58
What are Waxes
A lipid that is formed when long fatty acid chains are joined to alcohols or carbon ring
59
What is a Peptide
a term used to describe a chain of amino acids connected with peptide bonds
60
What is a polypeptide
a peptide with more than 50 amino acids
61
What are protein
A protein is one or more polypeptides that are folded into a precise 3D shape
62
In Protein structures what is the Primary Structure
Linear sequence of amino acids in a polypeptide chain
63
What occurs in a secondary structure
The coiling/folding of amino acid chains
64
What are two common secondary structures
Beta-pleated sheet (zig- zag like pattern) and Alpha-helix (spiral pattern)
65
How are DNA and RNA joined together
DNA and RNA are joined together by the phosphate and the sugar thru phosphodiester bonds
66
What are Enzymes
Biological catalysts ( break down),that speeds up chemical reaction without being consumed
67
What do Enzymes bind to
Enzymes bind to a specific reactant called substrate
68
What is the activation site
Active site is usually a pocket or a groove in the enzyme that binds to the substrate
69
What is the Induced-Fit Hypothesis
Just prior to the substrate binding, the enzyme changes its shape slightly (conformational change), so that the active site becomes even more precise in its ability to bind
70
What is a competitive Inhibitor
something that binds to active site to prevent substrate from binding
71
What is a Non-competitive Inhibitor
Something that binds to enzyme and changes its shape, indirectly preventing the substrate from binding
72
How does temp. and Ph affect and enzyme
Enzymes will often function optimally with a specific range of temperature and pH levels

Exam Chapters (11 decks)

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