chapter 1

Question 1

issues with defining abnormality

Answer 1

Eccentric & unusual behavior or beliefs are not necessarily abnormal

Behaviors that are repugnant & threatening to others are not always signs of an underlying psyc disorders

Question 2

psychological abnormality

Answer 2

behavior, speech or thought that impairs the ability of a person to function in a way that
is expected of him or her – in context where the unusual functioning occurs

Question 3

mental illness

Answer 3

same meaning as psychological abnormality but implies a medical rather than psychological cause

Question 4

psychological disorder

Answer 4

a specific manifestation of this impairment of functioning – described by some set of
established criteria

Question 5

psychopathology

Answer 5

scientific study of psychological abnormality & the problems faced by people who suffer from such
disorders

Question 6

statistical concept

Answer 6

behavior is abnormal if it occurs in the population

Question 7

challenges of statistical concept

Answer 7

Not all infrequent behaviors or thoughts should be judged abnormal

How unusual does a behaviour have to be in order to be considered abnormal?

Question 8

personal distress

Answer 8

distress is present in many pathological disorders

Question 9

challenges with personal distress

Answer 9

We all undergo distress & sometimes not undergoing it is seen as being pathological

Question 10

Distress appears to be but not

Answer 10

frequent ; essential feature of abnormality

Question 11

personal dysfunction

Answer 11

behaviour that is maladaptive and interferes with appropriate functioning is deemed abnormal

Question 12

challenges with personal dysfunction

Answer 12

What is normal and adaptive?

Question 13

wakefield

Answer 13

harmful dysfunction is the key to notion

 Saying a given behaviour is disordered requires scientific judgment that there exists a failure
of designed function & a value judgement that the design failure harms the individual

 If the dysfunction is harming the person, then that’s abnormal

Question 14

volition of norms

Answer 14

the behaviour and thoughts of many psychologically disordered people run counter to what we
might consider appropriate

Question 15

challenges of volition of norms

Answer 15

Criminals endanger in behaviours that violate social norms but few of them meet criteria for any
disorder
Social norms vary & defining abnormality is culturally relative
Society’s criteria for defining behaviour as acceptable / unacceptable effect the predominant view in
society

Question 16

This makes people think that psychologically disordered people are

Answer 16

dangerous &
unpredictable

Question 17

Depression has higher rates in

Answer 17

CND & USA compared to Asia

Question 18

Asia: emphasis is on

Answer 18

physical symptoms & avoidance of stigma of mental disorders

Question 19

Neurasthenia

Answer 19

condition w/ many physical symptoms similar to depression

Question 20

neurasthenia is highly diagnosed in

Answer 20

asia

Question 21

diagnosis by an expert

Answer 21

professionals who work w/ psychologically disturbed patients include: clinical psychologists, psychiatrists, psychiatric nurses, psychiatric social workers & occupational
therapists.

Question 22

In final analysis

Answer 22

the opinions of particular mental healthcare workers determine whether a person is said to suffer from a psychological abnormality

Question 23

Thomas Szasz:

Answer 23

mental disorders were invented by psychiatry to give control to its practitioners
“the myth of mental disorders”

Question 24

Notions, causes and treatments change over time which reflect

Answer 24

values of society

Question 25

stone age

Answer 25

Recognized that mental processes occurred in the brain (natural) This could become dysfunctional through demonic possession (supernatural)

Question 26

trephinatian

Answer 26

drilling a hole into the skull= done to rid a person of evil spirits Done to remove blood clots or bone splinters

Question 27

greek and roman

Answer 27

Emphasized natural causes of mental disorders & developed greater understanding of their etiology & treatment

Question 28

hippocrates

Answer 28

denied that psyc problems were the result of demonic possession He thought that mental & physical disorders resulted from disturbances in bodily fluids – tumours Described Hysteria

Question 29

hysteria

Answer 29

Conversion Disorder Psychologically induced physical dysfunction (blindness, deafness)

Question 30

plato

Answer 30

dreams serve to satisfy our latent desires The mentally ill shouldn’t be held accountable for their wrongdoings They should be cared for in homes and community centers

Question 31

Methodism rejects

Answer 31

Hippo’s bodily fluid’s theory

Question 32

Methodism

Answer 32

mental disorder arises from constriction of body tissue or relaxation of those tissue due to exhaustion

Question 33

Romans introduced

Answer 33

psychotherapy

Question 34

the arab world

Answer 34

Treated the mentally ill w/ compassion & respect – asylums

Question 35

avicenna

Answer 35

Islamic physician who wrote “The Canon of Medicine” explored the natural causes of mental disorders Environmental and psychological factors

Question 36

Europe in Middle Ages

Answer 36

Supernatural thought dominated again  Exorcism was popular

Question 37

Paracelsus

Answer 37

rejected Hippo’s humoral theory & said that. All mental disorders arise from breath of life Suggested that psychic conflicts might cause mental illness Treated people w/ an early version of hypnotism

Question 38

St. Vincent de Pal & Teresa of Avila

Answer 38

promoted compassionate care for people w/ mental disorders Led to the establishment of asylums across Europe

Question 39

what was the problem with st vincent de pal and teresa of avila

Answer 39

conditions were v poor and treatments were ineffective and inhumane

Question 40

phillippe pinel

Answer 40

leading figure in the humanitarian reform  Changed how society dealt w/ caring for the mentally ill  Improved patient conditions and increased physician contact w/ patients  Created a systematic approach to classifying / managing / diagnosing them

Question 41

why was philippes approach ended

Answer 41

because of the large increase in # of mentally ill patients Too many= impossible to treat them the Pinel way

Question 42

mental hygiene movement

Answer 42

this is how the type of “moral therapy” was introduced in N.A. As the responsibility of the ill shifted to the state > the # of asylums & patients increased

Question 43

Knowledge of poor conditions that they endured in asylums + the advent of antipsychotics lead to

Answer 43

a massive deinstitutionalization of patients

Question 44

biological approaches

Answer 44

Abandonment of the humoral theory – adoption of autopsies and anatomical studies that pointed to neuronal system dysfunction as a cause for mental disorder

Question 45

Cabanis

Answer 45

combined psychological + somatic factors in his account of mental disorders His theories encouraged the development of psychological approaches to treatment

Question 46

Kraepelin

Answer 46

first to classify mental disorders into syndromes Noticed that certain symptoms tended to occur in different syndromes and served as a way of identifying & treating the disorder Believed that all mental disorders were the result of biological processes

Question 47

Somatogenesis

Answer 47

psychopathology is caused by biological factors

Question 48

what did somitogenesis lead to

Answer 48

Led people to believe that infection may be the cause of the disorder: general paresis of the insane (GPI)

Question 49

gpi

Answer 49

now known to be caused by syphilis spirochete bacterium

Question 50

Shock Therapy

Answer 50

electroconvulsive used in schizophrenia patients mostly useful in depressed patients (today)

Question 51

Insulin-induced coma

Answer 51

patients who woke up were often more tranquil Insulin administered in high dose put patients into a coma and sometimes produced seizures Physicians thought that was the main reason why insulin-induced comas worked

Question 52

Chlorpromazine

Answer 52

first antipsychotic introduced, started the biological revolution in psychiatry

Question 53

Success of antipsychotics + patients’ rights movement

Answer 53

massive deinstitutionalization occurred

Question 54

Mesmer

Answer 54

thought that hysteria (conversion disorder) was caused by disturbed distribution of the magnetic fluid in the body

Question 55

Some thought his treatments were successful in some… why?

Answer 55

Because they believed it worked although his explanation of mental disorder was physiological, it brought up the psychological aspects

Question 56

Hypnotism

Answer 56

used to allow patients to talk openly & freely about their traumas and experiences

Question 57

hypnosis was

Answer 57

Cathartic method that led to the birth of psychoanalysis

Question 58

John B. Watson

Answer 58

if psychology were to become a science, it must be restricted to the study of observable features

Question 59

john b watson was part of what field of psyc

Answer 59

behaviourism

Question 60

behaviourism

Answer 60

Abnormal behaviours are the result of faulty conditional learning Therefore, since we were taught, we can unlearn introduction of behavioural approaches to understanding & treating psych disorders

Question 61

First textbook printed dealing w/ the housing and care of the ill was written by

Answer 61

J.F. Lehman His views were harsh and immoral

Question 62

Psychosurgery

Answer 62

frontal lobotomies These procedures were done to subdue the patients and lessen the burden on healthcare practitioners

Question 63

Role in introducing CBT Canada

Answer 63

the modification of cognition for treating psychological disorders

Question 64

canada contributed

Answer 64

cutting edge research in psychiatry Ex: use of tranquilizer in patients with schizophrenia

Question 65

Two developments pertaining to mental health

Answer 65

Mental health commission of Canada (2007) Introduction of evidence-based practice (treating w/ scientific evidence + indv. expertise)