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PSYC 337 > chapter 1 > Flashcards

chapter 1 Flashcards

1
Q

issues with defining abnormality

A

Eccentric & unusual behavior or beliefs are not necessarily abnormal

Behaviors that are repugnant & threatening to others are not always signs of an underlying psyc disorders

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2
Q

psychological abnormality

A

behavior, speech or thought that impairs the ability of a person to function in a way that
is expected of him or her – in context where the unusual functioning occurs

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3
Q

mental illness

A

same meaning as psychological abnormality but implies a medical rather than psychological cause

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4
Q

psychological disorder

A

a specific manifestation of this impairment of functioning – described by some set of
established criteria

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5
Q

psychopathology

A

scientific study of psychological abnormality & the problems faced by people who suffer from such
disorders

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6
Q

statistical concept

A

behavior is abnormal if it occurs in the population

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7
Q

challenges of statistical concept

A

Not all infrequent behaviors or thoughts should be judged abnormal

How unusual does a behaviour have to be in order to be considered abnormal?

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8
Q

personal distress

A

distress is present in many pathological disorders

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9
Q

challenges with personal distress

A

We all undergo distress & sometimes not undergoing it is seen as being pathological

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10
Q

Distress appears to be but not

A

frequent ; essential feature of abnormality

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11
Q

personal dysfunction

A

behaviour that is maladaptive and interferes with appropriate functioning is deemed abnormal

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12
Q

challenges with personal dysfunction

A

What is normal and adaptive?

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13
Q

wakefield

A

harmful dysfunction is the key to notion

 Saying a given behaviour is disordered requires scientific judgment that there exists a failure
of designed function & a value judgement that the design failure harms the individual

 If the dysfunction is harming the person, then that’s abnormal

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14
Q

volition of norms

A

the behaviour and thoughts of many psychologically disordered people run counter to what we
might consider appropriate

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15
Q

challenges of volition of norms

A

Criminals endanger in behaviours that violate social norms but few of them meet criteria for any
disorder
Social norms vary & defining abnormality is culturally relative
Society’s criteria for defining behaviour as acceptable / unacceptable effect the predominant view in
society

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16
Q

This makes people think that psychologically disordered people are

A

dangerous &
unpredictable

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17
Q

Depression has higher rates in

A

CND & USA compared to Asia

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18
Q

Asia: emphasis is on

A

physical symptoms & avoidance of stigma of mental disorders

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19
Q

Neurasthenia

A

condition w/ many physical symptoms similar to depression

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20
Q

neurasthenia is highly diagnosed in

A

asia

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21
Q

diagnosis by an expert

A

professionals who work w/ psychologically disturbed patients include: clinical psychologists, psychiatrists, psychiatric nurses, psychiatric social workers & occupational
therapists.

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22
Q

In final analysis

A

the opinions of particular mental healthcare workers determine whether a person is said to suffer from a psychological abnormality

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23
Q

Thomas Szasz:

A

mental disorders were invented by psychiatry to give control to its practitioners
“the myth of mental disorders”

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24
Q

Notions, causes and treatments change over time which reflect

A

values of society

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25
Q

stone age

A

Recognized that mental processes occurred in the brain (natural)
This could become dysfunctional through demonic possession (supernatural)

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26
Q

trephinatian

A

drilling a hole into the skull= done to rid a person of evil spirits
Done to remove blood clots or bone splinters

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27
Q

greek and roman

A

Emphasized natural causes of mental disorders & developed greater understanding of their etiology & treatment

28
Q

hippocrates

A

denied that psyc problems were the result of demonic possession
He thought that mental & physical disorders resulted from disturbances in bodily fluids – tumours
Described Hysteria

29
Q

hysteria

A

Conversion Disorder
Psychologically induced physical dysfunction (blindness, deafness)

30
Q

plato

A

dreams serve to satisfy our latent desires

The mentally ill shouldn’t be held accountable for their wrongdoings

They should be cared for in homes and community centers

31
Q

Methodism rejects

A

Hippo’s bodily fluid’s theory

32
Q

Methodism

A

mental disorder arises from constriction of body tissue or relaxation of those tissue due to exhaustion

33
Q

Romans introduced

A

psychotherapy

34
Q

the arab world

A

Treated the mentally ill w/ compassion & respect – asylums

35
Q

avicenna

A

Islamic physician who wrote “The Canon of Medicine”

explored the natural causes of
mental disorders

Environmental and psychological factors

36
Q

Europe in Middle Ages

A

Supernatural thought dominated again
 Exorcism was popular

37
Q

Paracelsus

A

rejected Hippo’s humoral theory & said that. All mental disorders arise from breath of life

Suggested that psychic conflicts might cause mental illness

Treated people w/ an early version of hypnotism

38
Q

St. Vincent de Pal & Teresa of Avila

A

promoted compassionate care for people w/ mental disorders

Led to the establishment of asylums across Europe

39
Q

what was the problem with st vincent de pal and teresa of avila

A

conditions were v poor and treatments were ineffective and inhumane

40
Q

phillippe pinel

A

leading figure in the humanitarian reform

 Changed how society dealt w/ caring for the mentally ill

 Improved patient conditions and increased physician contact w/ patients

 Created a systematic approach to classifying / managing / diagnosing them

41
Q

why was philippes approach ended

A

because of the large increase in # of mentally ill patients

Too many= impossible to treat them the Pinel way

42
Q

mental hygiene movement

A

this is how the type of “moral therapy” was introduced in N.A.

As the responsibility of the ill shifted to the state > the # of asylums & patients increased

43
Q

Knowledge of poor conditions that they endured in asylums + the advent of antipsychotics lead to

A

a massive deinstitutionalization of patients

44
Q

biological approaches

A

Abandonment of the humoral theory – adoption of autopsies and anatomical studies that pointed to neuronal
system dysfunction as a cause for mental disorder

45
Q

Cabanis

A

combined psychological + somatic factors in his account of mental disorders

His theories encouraged the development of psychological approaches to treatment

46
Q

Kraepelin

A

first to classify mental disorders into syndromes

Noticed that certain symptoms tended to occur in different syndromes and served as a way of
identifying & treating the disorder

Believed that all mental disorders were the result of biological processes

47
Q

Somatogenesis

A

psychopathology is caused by biological factors

48
Q

what did somitogenesis lead to

A

Led people to believe that infection may be the cause of the disorder: general paresis of the insane (GPI)

49
Q

gpi

A

now known to be caused by syphilis spirochete bacterium

50
Q

Shock Therapy

A

electroconvulsive
used in schizophrenia patients

mostly useful in depressed
patients (today)

51
Q

Insulin-induced coma

A

patients who woke up were often more tranquil

Insulin administered in high dose put patients into a coma and sometimes produced seizures

Physicians thought that was the main reason why insulin-induced comas worked

52
Q

Chlorpromazine

A

first antipsychotic introduced, started the biological revolution in psychiatry

53
Q

Success of antipsychotics + patients’ rights movement

A

massive deinstitutionalization
occurred

54
Q

Mesmer

A

thought that hysteria (conversion disorder) was caused by disturbed distribution of the magnetic fluid in the body

55
Q

Some thought his treatments were successful in some… why?

A

Because they believed it worked

although his explanation of mental disorder was physiological, it brought
up the psychological aspects

56
Q

Hypnotism

A

used to allow patients to talk openly & freely about their traumas and experiences

57
Q

hypnosis was

A

Cathartic method that led to the birth of psychoanalysis

58
Q

John B. Watson

A

if psychology were to become a science, it must be restricted to the study of observable features

59
Q

john b watson was part of what field of psyc

A

behaviourism

60
Q

behaviourism

A

Abnormal behaviours are the result of faulty conditional learning

Therefore, since we were taught, we can unlearn

introduction of behavioural approaches to understanding & treating psych disorders

61
Q

First textbook printed dealing w/ the housing and care of the ill was written by

A

J.F. Lehman

His views were harsh and immoral

62
Q

Psychosurgery

A

frontal lobotomies

These procedures were done to subdue the patients and lessen the burden on healthcare
practitioners

63
Q

Role in introducing CBT Canada

A

the modification of cognition for treating psychological disorders

64
Q

canada contributed

A

cutting edge research in psychiatry
Ex: use of tranquilizer in patients with schizophrenia

65
Q

Two developments pertaining to mental health

A

Mental health commission of Canada (2007)

Introduction of evidence-based practice (treating w/ scientific evidence + indv. expertise)

PSYC 337 (11 decks)

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