Lecture 2/3

Question 1

methods in psychopathology research

Answer 1

controlled experimental study
quasi-experimental studies
correlational/cross sectional studies

Question 2

quasi-experimental studies

Answer 2

not randomly assigned by match the experimental group of control

Question 3

quasi-experimental studies

Answer 3

nto randomly assigned byt match experimental group to control group on as much points as possible

Question 4

corelational/ cross-sectional study

Answer 4

cant make firm causal explanations

Question 5

longitudinal designs aim to understand

Answer 5

causailty by trying to establish temporal precedence

Question 6

types of longitudinal studies

Answer 6

retrospective, follow-up studies, high-risk studies

Question 7

retrospective studies

Answer 7

collect sample of people with disorder, try to determine what preceded it

Question 8

what do retrospective studies rely on

Answer 8

self report

Question 9

why is it problematic to rely on self report

Answer 9

people dont perfectly remember events and mood can influence recall

Question 10

what does retrospective use in order to avoid problems with self-resports

Answer 10

existing archival data

Question 11

what are retrospective studies evidence for

Answer 11

current states result in memory biases

Question 12

what are challenges of retrospective

Answer 12

lack of control over data you get
not everyone has the same records

Question 13

follow up

Answer 13

follow peopel with the disorder overtime and see what happens

Question 14

whats something that needs to be present in order for it to be follow-up

Answer 14

already ill sample

Question 15

what are challenges of follow up

Answer 15

difficult to derive etiological explanations

Question 16

what are follow up designed for

Answer 16

to understand the course/natural course of the diagnosis

Question 17

high risk studies

Answer 17

variant of follow-up
identify likley people to develop a disorder

Question 18

what does high risk study look for and what is it in the basis of

Answer 18

offspring of people with disorder and biological abnormality

Question 19

what are challenges of high risk studies

Answer 19

if recreuiting offspring may not recruit a representative sample

Question 20

cons of high risk

Answer 20

genetic: need to find people who have the disorder and also children
biological: associations not well-proven
behavioural: may be a risk factor; early manifestation of the disease

Question 21

vulnerability markers

Answer 21

something that tells you the person is vulnerable to the disorder

Question 22

what should vulnerability markers be

Answer 22

traitlike not state-related : should be something that is a characteristic of that person and evident before theyre ill

Question 23

wha do vulnerability markers have to be

Answer 23

corelated with the disorder, but has to persist beyond the end of the episode

Question 24

what else has to be done in order for it to be a vulnerability marker

Answer 24

present in a high-risk population and pre-date the disorder

Question 25

case control

Answer 25

compare one group of people with disorder to a second group of people without the disorder: most helpful if the disorder you're looking at is fairly rare

Question 26

cohort

Answer 26

a single large sample of people some of whom have the disorder of interest to multiple control groups

Question 27

what tends to be common but most useful is the disorder is rare

Answer 27

case control

Question 28

what is preferable when it is not rare

Answer 28

cohort

Question 29

patient populations

Answer 29

not representative of people with the disorder int he community. not all disorders people seek treatment

Question 30

clinical populations

Answer 30

tend to be more severe, have more comorbidities, more likely to be female, and chronic

Question 31

general population

Answer 31

get a sense of disorder in the wild; what does it look like on average but tends to be closer to the diagnostic threshold: MISDIAGNOSIS MORE LIKELY

Question 32

if you study people from other ppulations outside of the ones youre studying

Answer 32

allows you to make more specific inferences

Question 33

match controls on potential confounds

Answer 33

If you are screening people who are healthy controls , you want them to have never had a diagnosis of psychopathology (super healthy controls).You want to typically match your controls on basic demographic variables

Question 34

why does the above present a danger

Answer 34

systematically mismatching on other variables. It may be impossible to consistently match on every demographic variable of interest .

Question 35

what is a proband

Answer 35

someone in the family who has been diagnosed with the disorder theyre looking at

Question 36

what is the function of a family study

Answer 36

look at the relatives of the proband to answer the question if you don't see higher rates of the disorder in relatives of the proband than you see in the general populations and can conclude its not genetic

Question 37

interview

Answer 37

family study

Question 38

infromant report

Answer 38

family history study

Question 39

if you do see higher rates in the family

Answer 39

does not mean its genetic, need to keep investigating bc its possible has to do with environment

Question 40

subthreshold and symptoms

Answer 40

run in families ; maybe the disorder itself doesn't but some underlying liability

Question 41

what are the challenges to these studies

Answer 41

coaggregation of different illnesses ; if schiz runs in the family they will have higher chance of it and other disorders as well

Question 42

family studies suggest___ but ___

Answer 42

genetic role but do not prove it

Question 43

adoption studies 1

Answer 43

biological parent as proband : if they have the disorder and so does the child that they gave up for adoption can infer some genetic cause

Question 44

adoption studies 2

Answer 44

adoptee as proband: track down their adoptive and biological parent sna d see which one they resemble more

Question 45

adoption studies 3

Answer 45

cross-fostering designs: where children of control parents might be raised in homes where adoptive parent has a diagnosis of chiz/ and or child of parents has and are raised in homes of control parents

Question 46

what are the difficulties with adoption studies

Answer 46

adoptions are rare selective placement

Question 47

selective placement

Answer 47

most adoptive parents are high SES and are without disorder at time of adoption

Question 48

A

Answer 48

Additive genetic component; tells us how much more similar are the mono twins than dyz ; refers to the additive effect

Question 49

what does A represent

Answer 49

the su of all genes that contribute to liability risk

Question 50

c

Answer 50

common environment component; how much are the twins alike; any environmental factors that make twins similar for the liability/ risk fo the disorder

Question 51

E

Answer 51

Unique environment; to what extent do you see discrepancies

Question 52

why is E difficult

Answer 52

because most twins share an environment with another

Question 53

how do you calculate A

Answer 53

2(rMz- rDz)

Question 54

MZ concordance

Answer 54

50%

Question 55

Dz concordance

Answer 55

25%

Question 56

difference (D)

Answer 56

25%

Question 57

2D

Answer 57

50%

Question 58

sample specific

Answer 58

is not absolutely heritability; h estimates differ depending on environment

Question 59

higher with less environmental variance

Answer 59

IQ is very heritable but less so in lower SES homes where there is more environmental variance

Question 60

problems with twin studies

Answer 60

Mz often share placenta Mz twins treated similarily to one another heritability= estimated genetic contributions to observed phenotype often do not model GxE

Question 61

what are the different types of Gene-environment correlations

Answer 61

passive, active, evocative

Question 62

passive

Answer 62

can be addressed in adoption studies and is not dependent on what the child does

Question 63

active

Answer 63

niche picking; we behave in ways based on our genetic makeup; often gets stronger as you age

Question 64

people are major determinants in the type of

Answer 64

environment they are exposed to

Question 65

evocative

Answer 65

refers to people in their environment will often treat people differently as a function of their underlying genotypes; ways our geentic makeup reacts with others

Question 66

what is difficult to measure

Answer 66

active and evocative

Question 67

currently what is attributed to G

Answer 67

all of rGE because the ways in which mz twins are similar then dz is because of their genetic similarity

Question 68

paradox of intelligence

Answer 68

IQ is highly heritable 80% but is also malleable higher IQ= seek out mroe stimulating environments

Question 69

hertiability varies as a

Answer 69

function of environment

Question 70

among affluent families

Answer 70

heritibaility approx 0.72

Question 71

among less afluent families

Answer 71

heritability approc 0.1

Question 72

what are the different odes of transmission

Answer 72

single gene, polygenic, and mixed

Question 73

single gene transmission

Answer 73

can be dominant or recessive

Question 74

what are the problems with single gene transmissions

Answer 74

single dom gene would expect to have 50% of family with disorder but none prove that to be true; mendelian disorders are very rare but most psychiatric disorders have prevalence of 0.5% most monogenic disorders have a very clear distinction from what we consider normal but with psychiatric disorders tend to be dimensional and continuously distributed

Question 75

polygenic transmission

Answer 75

many genes none of which have a large effect but when they come together they form a phenotype; can be modified by GxG interactions ; action of multiple genes additive or interactive effects

Question 76

mixed transmission

Answer 76

may be largely due to one gene but other genes are associated

Question 77

missing heritabilities

Answer 77

Big five personality traits have heritabilkity estimates of 0.4 to 0.6 Autism spectrum disorder currently estimated at 0.38% Schizophrenia at 0.64

Question 78

explanations for missing heritability

Answer 78

gene-environment interactions, epigenetics, other

Question 79

gene-environment interactions

Answer 79

notion that adverse effects of genes on mental health only expressed under certain conditions

Question 80

study by caspi et al

Answer 80

influence of life stress on depression; moderation by a polymorphism in the 5-HTT gene short allele and long allele three groups ss sl ll

Question 81

what were the results of caspi et al study

Answer 81

those with two long alleles (ll) even those subject to severe child abuse did not show an increase in depression. they were more at risk than those who never experienced child abuse SS, when experiencing abuse, much more likely to develop

Question 82

epigenetics

Answer 82

regulation and expression fo genes expression of genes is not fixed! DNA is fixed action of genes can be regulated some genes can turn on at certain developmental periods or under certain environmental circumstances alterations heritable

Question 83

michael meany

Answer 83

Good rat mothering associated with better functioning of neuroendocrine stress response Bad rate mothering = high levels of stress and cortisol Changes in glucocorticoid receptor gene Only evident when switch occurred early

Question 84

rat cross-fostering

Answer 84

swap babies of good rat moms ☹ and give them to bad rat moms ( even more ☹ ) and vice versa. What you see is that baby with bio good rat moms who end up with bad rat moms show high levels of cortisol in response to high stress situations . This shows that mothering style matters and can in fact have an influence on gene expression. Shows both environmental effect and epigenetic effect

Question 85

there is a problem with how we measure

Answer 85

phenotype

Question 86

since phenotypes we are measuring are so broad and inaccurate

Answer 86

might want to look at something in between like endophenotype

Question 87

endophenotype

Answer 87

intermediate step metween microscopic genes and nerve cells and experiential and psychological phenotype

Question 88

what must happen if we can determine something a endophenotype

Answer 88

 must segregate with illness in the population.  must be heritable.  must not be state-dependent (i.e., manifests whether illness is active or in remission).  must co-segregate with illness within families.  must be present at a higher rate within affected families than in the population.  must be amenable to reliable measurement, and be specific to the illness of interest.

Question 89

phenotypes

Answer 89

multiply determined; often poorly defined - don't have great boundaries