chapter 1 Flashcards
(113 cards)
1
Q
a subdiscipline of experimental psychology
A
cognitive psychology
2
Q
focused on investigating the mental processes that give rise to our perceptions and interpretations of the world around us
A
cognitive psychology
3
Q
2 meanings of cognitive psychology
A
- sometimes it is a synonym for the word cognition
- sometimes i refers to a particular theoretical approach to psychology, specifically, the cognitive approach
4
Q
a theoretical orientation hat emphasizes people’s thought processes and their knowledge
A
cognitive approach
5
Q
what are the ABCs of cognitive psychology
A
- affect
- behavior
- cognition
6
Q
refers to the acquisition, storage, transformation, and use of knowledge
A
cognition
7
Q
- mental activity
- most potent, powerful
- the inner workings of the human mind
- is inescapable
A
cognition
8
Q
afford you the ability to plan, to create, to interact with others, and to process all of the thoughts, sensations, and emotions that you experience on a daily basis
A
cognitive processes
9
Q
- mental processes that accompany physiology
- most difficult to manage
- most basic: anger, fear, lust (all for survival)
A
affect
10
Q
- most important
- can affect other people
A
behavior
11
Q
you were thinking about your own thought processes
A
metacognition
12
Q
why study cognitive psychology
A
- to understand cognitive processes
- to apply this knowledge to improve things
13
Q
- memory and trauma
- cognitive behavior therapy
A
clinical psychology
14
Q
- stages of cognitive development
- preparedness for learning
A
educational psychology
15
Q
- alzheimer’s disease
- neurocognitive deterioration
A
geriatrics (care for the elderly)
16
Q
memory and perception affecting social relations
A
social psychology
17
Q
better management of your own thoughts, emotions, and behavior
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self development
18
Q
origins of cognitive psychology: humans acquire knowledge through experience and observation
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aristotle
19
Q
origins of cognitive psychology: can reasonably called the first cognitive psychologist
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aristotle
20
Q
scientific evidence obtained y careful observation and experimentation
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empiricism/empirical evidence
21
Q
origins of cognitive psychology: father of experimental psychology
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wilhelm wundt
22
Q
origins of cognitive psychology: founder of the first psychology laboratory in university of leipzig, germany, 1879
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wilhelm wundt
23
Q
a highly practiced form of self examination
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introspection
24
Q
systematically analyze their own sensation and report them as objectively as possible
A
introspection
25
the consciousness could be broken down to its basic elements without sacrificing any of the properties of the whole
reductionism
26
origins of cognitive psychology: pioneered the experimental study of memory
hermann ebbinghaus
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origins of cognitive psychology: made use of nonsense syllables in his studies to remove association with regular word
hermann ebbinghaus
28
origins of cognitive psychology: known for his discovery of the forgetting curve and the spacing effect
hermann ebbinghaus
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how long it usually takes to forget
the forgetting curve
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repeated exposure = higher retention
the spacing effect
31
origins of cognitive psychology: reported a memory phenomenon called recency effect
mary whiton calkins
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origins of cognitive psychology: first woman to be the president of the APA
mary whiton calkins
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origins of cognitive psychology: father of american psychology
william james
34
origins of cognitive psychology: known for his textbook principles of psychology (1890)
william james
35
origins of cognitive psychology: perception, attention, memory, understanding, reasoning, and tip of the tongue phenomenon
william james
36
mental activity is to be evaluated in terms of how it serves the organisms in adapting to its environment
functionalism
37
finding solutions to things
pragmatism
38
origins of cognitive psychology: behaviorism
john b. watson
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origins of cognitive psychology: reductionism
wilhelm wundt
40
origins of cognitive psychology: structuralism
e.b. tichener
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origins of cognitive psychology: functionalism
william james
42
origins of cognitive psychology: psychology must focus on objective, observable, measurable behavior, rather than subjective, unobservable phenomenon
behaviorism
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a relatively permanent change in behavior brought about by experience
learning
44
origins of cognitive psychology: cognitive maps
edward c. tolman
45
behaviorists emphasized the importance of _____
operational definitions
46
precise definition that specifies exactly how a concept is to be measured
operational definitions
47
origins of cognitive psychology: the whole is the sum of its parts
gestalt psychology
48
origins of cognitive psychology: gestalt psychology
max wertheimer, wolfgang kohler, kurt koffka
49
origins of cognitive psychology: emphasized that organisms perceive entire patterns of configurations, not merely individual components
gestalt psychology
50
gestalt principles of visual perception
- proximity
- similarity
- figure-ground
- continuity
- closure
51
abrupt realization to a problem's solution
insight
52
origins of cognitive psychology: one of the forerunners of cognitive psychology
frederic bartlett
53
origins of cognitive psychology: conducted his research on human memory
frederic bartlett
54
is considered one of the most influential books in the history of cognitive psychology
remembering: an experimental and social study
55
t or f: people make systematic error when recalling stories
true
56
we search for meaning; integrate information to be consistent with our personal experiences
schema theory
57
refers to the growing support for the cognitive approach and the strong shift away from behaviorist approaches
cognitive revolution
58
how internal processes (memory, attention, language) affect our ability to consciously perceive, interpret, and act in the world around us
cognitive perspective
59
year/s that psychologists became disappointed with behaviorism as it became difficult to explain complex human behavior using only behaviorist concepts (observable stimuli, responses, and reinforcement)
late 1930s to 1940s
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year that research in human memory increased
late 1950s
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year wherein it was generally agreed that it was the birth year of cognitive psychology
1956
62
shaped developmental psychology through his research on children's thought processes
jean piaget
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emphasized the structure of language was too complex to be explained in behaviorist terms
noam chomsky
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argued that humans have the inborn ability to master all complicated and varied aspects of language
noam chomsky
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proponent of stages of cognitive development
jean piaget
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proponent of language acquisition device (LAD)
noam chomsky
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first to use the term cognitive psychology
ulric neisser
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father of cognitive psychology
ulric neisser
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published cognitive psychology, which serves as one of the first comprehensive treatments of cognitive processing and one of the most important factors contributing to the emergence of the field
ulric neisser
70
t or f: all areas of psychology incorporate key principles from cognitive psychology in their models of human development and behavior
true
71
criticisms of cognitive psychology
most researches conducted prior to the 1980s were conducted in artificial laboratory environments and used tasks different from daily cognitive activities making it low in ecological validity
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the conditions of the conducted research are similar to the natural setting where the results will be applied
ecological validity
73
year wherein the cognitive approach replaced the behaviorist approach; cognitive psychology has become an interdisciplinary pursuit
1970s
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an interdisciplinary field that tries to answer questions about the mind
cognitive science
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requires us to manipulate our internal representations of the external world
thinking
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the goal of cognitive science
to understand the principles of intelligence with the hope that this will lead to better comprehension of the mind and of learning and to develop intelligent devices
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attempts to take human limitations to account
computer simulation or computer modeling
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goal of computer simulation or computer modeling
to program a computer to perform a cognitive task in the same way that humans actually perform this task
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t or f: computers can match humans' sophistication in learning language, identifying objects in everyday senses, or solving problems creatively
false; computers CANNOT match
80
machines are essentially collections of special-purpose mechanism, and that no single machine could incorporate the enormous number of special-purpose mechanisms that would be required for it to reproduce human-like behavior
rene descartes
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our cognitive processes work like a computer; computer and human minds are both examples of complex, multipurpose machinery
computer metaphor
82
two parts of the computer model
- structures (hardware = brain)
- processes (software = mind)
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year where models of how information flows through
1960s
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this approach argued that:
- our mental processes are similar to the operations of a computer
- information progresses through our cognitive system in a series of stages, one step at a time
information-processing approach
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was considered to be serial in the classical approach
information processing
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during _____, the system must complete one step or processing stage before information can proceed to the next step in the flowchart
serial processing
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mean to serve as abstract flowcharts that captured what we knew at the time about people's performance on cognitive tasks
classic information-processing models
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this argues that cognitive processes can be understood in terms of networks that link together neuron-like processing units
the connectionist approach
89
two other names that are often used interchangeably with connectionism
- parallel distributed processing (PDP) approach
- neural-network approach
90
year where there were development of techniques to explore the structure of the cerebral cortex
1970s
91
the outer layer of the brain that is essential for your cognitive processes
cerebral cortex
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researchers who developed the connectionist approach proposed a model that simulates many important features of the brain based on what principle
the basic principles of neural transmission
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the basic model that the connectionist approach uses
the human brain
94
combining the research techniques of cognitive psychology with various methods for assessing the structures and function of the brain
cognitive neuroscience
95
refers to the damage of an area in the brain often caused by blunt force trauma to the head, strokes, tumors, and accidents
brain lesions
96
when did research on lesions began
began in the 1860s but most major advances occurred after world war II
97
t or f: cognitive deficiencies are difficult to differentiate
true
98
researchers measure blood flow in the brain by injecting the participant with a low dose of a radioactive chemical just before this person works on a cognitive task
positron emission tomography (PET scan)
99
measure brain activity indirectly
brain-imaging techniques
100
require several seconds to produce data, so this method doesn't provide useful info about the time course of processing a stimulus in the environment
PET scan
101
disadvantage of PET scan
require several seconds to produce data, so this method doesn't provide useful info about the time course of processing a stimulus in the environment
102
based on the principle that oxygen-rich blood is an index of brain activity
functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI)
103
when was the fMRI technique developed
during the 1990s
104
which is more precise: the fMRI or PET scan
fMRI because it provides a more detailed image of the brain and produces more robust illustrations of the parts of the brain that are involved in processing a stimulus
105
PET scans and fMRI provide information about _____
location
106
records the very brief fluctuations in the brain's electrical activity, in response to a stimulus such as an auditory tone or a visual word
event-related potential (ERP) technique
107
this technique cannot identify the response of a single neuron
the ERP technique
108
disadvantage of the ERP technique
it cannot identify the response of a single neuron
109
this technique can identify the electrical changes over a very brief period produced by populations of neurons in some regions of the brain
the ERP technique
110
this technique provides a reasonably precise picture of changes in the brain's electrical potential while people perform a cognitive task
the ERP technique
111
this technique records magnetic field fluctuations produced by neural activity during the processing of stimuli presented to the participants
the magnetoencephalography (MEG) technique
112
MEG or ERP: a participant is placed in an electromagnetically shielded room, and large numbers (up to 300) of magnetically sensitive sensors are placed on their scalp
MEG
113
MEG or ERP: a stimulus is presented for some amount of time, and the physical properties of waveforms are continuously recorded from each sensor
ERP
