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PSY 4313 > chapter 2 > Flashcards

chapter 2 Flashcards

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1
Q

the use of previous knowledge to gather and interpret the stimuli registered by the senses

A

perception

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2
Q

perception combines what

A

bottom-up and top-down processing

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3
Q

the analysis of the physical properties of input occurring early after it makes contact with your sensory receptors

A

bottom-up processing

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4
Q

any guiding role that your stored knowledge plays in facilitating your ability to recognize an object

A

top-down processing

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5
Q

the actual object that is “out there” in the environment

A

distal stimulus

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6
Q

the information registered on your sensory receptors

A

proximal stimulus

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7
Q
  • covers the inside back portion of your eye
  • contains millions of neurons that register and transmit visual information from the outside world.
A

retina

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8
Q

a large-capacity storage system that records information from each of the senses with reasonable accuracy

A

sensory memory

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9
Q

assists the Visual System so, when we recognize an object, we manage to figure out the identity of the distal stimulus, even when the information available in the proximal stimulus is far from perfect

A

sensory memory

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10
Q

depends primarily on shape, rather than on color or texture

A

object recognition

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11
Q

preserves an image of a visual stimulus for a brief period after the stimulus has disappeared

A

iconic memory/visual sensory memory

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12
Q

located in the occipital lobe of the brain; it is the portion of your cerebral cortex that is concerned with basic processing of visual stimuli.

A

primary visual cortex

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13
Q

also the first place where info from your two eyes is combined

A

primary visual cortex

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14
Q

time wherein visual information can travel from your retina to your primary visual cortex

A

50-80 milliseconds

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15
Q

basic tendency of humans to organize what they see through patterns rather than random arrangements

A

gestalt psychology

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16
Q

distinct shape with clearly defined edges

A

figure

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17
Q

leftover region forming the background

A

ground

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18
Q

figure and the ground reverse from time to time; figure becomes the ground then become figure again

A

ambiguous figure-ground relationship

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19
Q

two components of the ambiguous figure-ground relationship

A
  • neurons in the visual cortex became adapted
  • humans try to solve the visual paradox through alternating two reasonable solutions
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20
Q

also called as subjective contours

A

illusory contours

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21
Q
  • people see edges even though they are not physically present in the stimulus
  • perceive scenes through “filling in the blanks”
  • often leads to perceptual error
A

illusory contours

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22
Q

specific patterns that were stored in memory (schema)

A

templates

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23
Q

flexible approach in which a visual stimulus is composed of a small number of characteristics or components

A

feature-analysis theory

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24
Q

each visual characteristics

A

distinctive feature

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25
specific view of an object can be represented as an arrangement of simple 3-D shapes
recognition by components theory
26
arrangement of 3D shapes
geons
27
developed a theory to explain how humans recognize three dimensional shapes
irving biederman
28
store a small number of views of 3D objects rather than just one view
viewer-centered approach
29
emphasizes that the stimulus characteristics are important when you recognize an object
bottom-up processing
30
emphasizes how a person’s concepts, expectations, and memory can influence object recognition
top-down processing
31
information starts with the most basic (or bottom) level of perception, and it works its way up until it reaches the more “sophisticated” cognitive regions of the brain, beyond your primary visual cortex
bottom-up processing
32
the second process in object recognition after bottom-up processing
top-down processing
33
help you recognize objects very rapidly
expectations
34
is strong when stimuli are incomplete or ambiguous
top-down processing
35
t or f: we can still manage to read a sentence, even if some of the middle letters in a word have been rearranged
true
36
we can identify a single letter more accurately and more rapidly when it appears in a meaningful word than when it appears alone or in a meaningless string of unrelated letters
word superiority effect
37
this processing in letter recognition is important
top-down processing
38
what happens when you read a note with bad handwriting?
we are more likely to rely on top-down processing
39
- overusing the strategy of top-down processing - our cognitive error can be often traced to a rational energy
smart mistakes
40
we fail to detect a change in an object or a scene
change blindness
41
this processing encourages us to assume that the basic meaning of the scene will remain stable
top-down processing
42
we fail to notice the change of the voice of the speaker in the middle of a telephone conversation
change deafness
43
we fail to notice that a new object has appeared
inattentional blindness
44
when are we likely to experience inattentional blindness
when the primary task is cognitively demanding
45
this has been proposed for recognizing faces, particular locations, spatial layouts, and visual words
specialized recognition processes
46
recognize faces in terms of their overall shape and structure
holistic (recognition)
47
recognize faces in terms of overall quality that transcends its individual elements
gestalt
48
condition wherein people cannot recognize human faces, though they perceive other objects relatively usual
prosopagnosia
49
location most responsible for face recognition
temporal cortex
50
specific location that some think to be specialized for face recognition
fusiform face area
51
is more activated when an individual is exposed to image of faces
fusiform face
52
exists in the lower portion of the temporal cortex
fusiform face area
53
t or f: fusiform face area may not be designed to process only information about faces
true
54
a phenomenon where people are much more accurate in identifying upright faces than upside-down ones
face inversion effect
55
- they do not show emotions, may have hallucinations, and perform poorly on many cognitive tasks - have difficulty in perceiving faces and facial expressions
people with schizophrenia
56
happens with the help of the auditory system
speech perception
57
what happens during speech perception
we use our cognitive load to distinguish a word's sound patterns from thousands of irrelevant words stored in our memory
58
basic unit of language spoken
phoneme
59
characteristics of speech perception
- word boundaries - variability in phoneme pronunciation - context and speech perception - visual cues as an aid to speech perception
60
describes the challenge of identifying word boundaries in spoken language
word boundaries
61
explores the challenges of perceiving phonemes, given the variability in pitch and tone among speakers
variability in phoneme pronunciation
62
refers to the observation that different speakers of the same language produce the same sound differently
interspeaker variability
63
emphasizes the active role of listeners, using context as a cue to understand sounds or words
context and speech perception
64
filling in a missing phoneme using context clues
phonemic restoration
65
integration of visual cues with auditory cues in speech perception
visual cues as an aid to speech perception
66
visual information influences speech perception, leading to a compromise between conflicting visual and auditory inputs
mcgurk effect
67
region responsible for the mcgurk effect
superior temporal sulcus in the cerebral cortex
68
theories of speech perception
- the special mechanism approach - the general mechanism approach
69
also known as speech-is-special approach
the special mechanism approach
70
humans have a specialized device that allows us to decode speech stimuli
the special mechanism approach
71
are reputed to enhance the accurate perception of ambiguous phonemes and aid in segmenting the auditory stream for a clearer perception of phonemes and words
phonetic modules
72
the evidence favoring the phonetic module
categorical perception
73
indicates that categorical perception is not exclusive to speech sounds but extends to certain complex nonspeech sounds
categorical perception
74
says that speech perception does not need any special phonetic module
the general mechanism approach

PSY 4313 (6 decks)

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