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PSY 4313 > chapter 3 > Flashcards

chapter 3 Flashcards

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1
Q

a concentration of mental activity that allows you to take in a limited portion of the vast stream of information available from both your sensory world and your memory

A

attention

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2
Q

t or f: your attentional systems allows you to filter our information that is not useful or important

A

true

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3
Q

tasks that you try to pay attention to two or more simultaneous messages, responding appropriately to each message

A

divided-attention task

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4
Q

you try to accomplish two or more tasks at the same time

A

multitask

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5
Q

t or f: you’ll typically perform faster and more accurately if you work on one task at a time

A

true

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6
Q

_____ is closely related to multitasking

A

task switching

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7
Q

task that requires people to pay attention to certain kinds of information while ignoring other ongoing information

A

selective-attention task

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8
Q

simplifies our lives

A

selective attention

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9
Q

three different kinds of selective-attention tasks

A
  • dichotic listening
  • the stroop effect
  • visual search
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10
Q

it is studied by asking people to wear earphones; one message is presented to the left ear, and a different message is presented to the right ear

A

dichotic listening

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11
Q

they listen to that message and repeat it after the speaker

A

shadow

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12
Q

if the listener makes mistakes in shadowing, then _____

A

the research knows that the listener is not paying appropriate attention to that specified message

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13
Q

t or f: in general, people can process only one message at a time

A

true

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14
Q

when you are paying close attention to one conversation and notice that your name was mentioned in a nearby conversation

A

cocktail party effect

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15
Q

the brief, immediate memory for material that we are currently processing

A

working memory

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16
Q

could explain why some people hear their name but others do not

A

capacity of working memory

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17
Q

students with a high working-memory capacity

A

noticed their name only 20% of the time

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18
Q

students with a low working-memory capacity

A

noticed their name 65% of the time on the same dichotic-listening task

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19
Q

t or f: people with a high working-memory capacity could have difficulty blocking out the irrelevant information such as their name

A

false; people with a relatively LOW working-memory capacity

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20
Q

people take a long time to name the ink color when that color is used in printing an incongruent word

A

the stroop effect

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21
Q

in a typical study, people may require _____ to name the ink color of 100 words that are incongruent names

A

100 seconds

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22
Q

they require only about _____ to name the ink colors for 100 colored patches

A

60 seconds

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23
Q

the stroop effect demonstrates what kind of attention

A

selective attention

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24
Q

people are instructed to name the ink color of words that could have strong emotional significance to them

A

emotional stroop task

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25
an excessive fear of a specific object
phobic disorder
26
people with _____ are hyper-alert to words related to their phobia, and they show an attentional bias to the meaning of these stimuli
phobic disorder
27
an anxiety disorder characterized by repeated re-experiencing (through nightmares, flashbacks, etc.) of an extremely traumatic event
posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD)
28
used in research on eating disorders and on the effects of posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) in combat veterans
emotional stroop task
29
a situation in which people pay extra attention to some stimuli or some features
attentional bias
30
psychological problems arise from inappropriate thinking (cognitive factors) and inappropriate learning (behavioral factors)
cognitive-behavioral approach
31
the observer must find a target in visual display that has numerous distractors
visual search
32
two stimulus variables of the visual search
- whether we are searching for a single, isolated feature or a combined set of features - whether we are searching for a target in which is a particular feature is present or a target in which this feature is absent
33
based on a classic research by Treisman and Gelade (1980)
the isolated-feature/combined-feature effect
34
if the target differed from the irrelevant items in the display with respect to a simple feature such as color, observers could quickly detect the target
the isolated-feature/combined-feature effect
35
t or f: people can typically locate a combined feature more quickly than an isolated feature
false; people can typically locate an ISOLATED FEATURE more quickly than a combined feature
36
our cognitive processes handle positive information better than negative information
the feature-present/feature-absent effect
37
a feature that is present
positive
38
a feature that is missing
negative
39
the research of Treisman and Souther (1985)
the feature-present/feature-absent effect
40
t or f: the search is rapid when we are looking for a particular feature that was present
true
41
an example of the feature-present/feature-absent effect that was discovered by Royden and her coauthors
it is easier to spot a movement-present object than a movement-absent object
42
provide important information about the way our minds operate when we perform cognitive tasks
eye movement
43
extremely rapid movement of the eyes from one spot to the next
saccadic eye movement
44
has better acuity than other retinal regions
fovea
45
purpose of saccadic eye movement
to bring the center of your retina into position over the words you want to read
46
saccades
saccadic eye movement
47
the period between two saccades
fixation
48
wherein the visual system pauses briefly to acquire useful information for comprehending the written text
fixation
49
what influences the duration of a fixation
many physical and linguistic factors of the text
50
duration of fixation in English typically ranges from _____
200-250 milliseconds
51
refers to the number of letters and spaces that we perceive during a fixation
perceptual span
52
readers can access information about upcoming words despite their fixation on a word to the left
parafoveal view
53
people make between _____ saccadic movements per day
150,000-200,000
54
one of the most complex behaviors that humans can perform
reading
55
involves coordination of visual, linguistic, oculomotor, and attentional systems
reading
56
moving the eyes backward to earlier material in a sentence and is often made when people do not understand the passage they are reading
regressions
57
t or f: when people are sure of the identity of an upcoming word, there is a much higher probability that they will fixate on it
false; there is a much higher probability that they will SKIP it
58
t or f: if a highly predictable word is not skipped, fixation is short
true
59
responsible for the kind of attention essential for visual search in which you shift your attention around to various spatial locations
the orienting attention network
60
where is the two important components of the orienting attention network located
parietal lobe
61
were helpful to identify the parietal cortex as the region that we use in visual searches
brain lesions
62
when a person ignores a part of his/her visual field
unilateral spatial neglect
63
people who have brain damage in the parietal region of the _____ have trouble noticing a visual stimulus that is located on the left side of their visual field
right hemisphere
64
people who have brain damage in the parietal region of the _____ have trouble noticing a visual stimulus that is located on the right side of their visual field
left hemisphere
65
the orienting network develops during the _____ of life
first year
66
responsible for the kind of attention we use when a task focuses on conflict ex: the stroop effect
the executive attention network
67
inhibits your automatic responses to stimuli
the executive attention network
68
the region where the executive attention network is especially active
prefrontal portion of the cortex
69
this network starts to develop at the age of 3
the executive attention network
70
the most influential contemporary explanation of attention
Anne Treisman’s feature-integration theory
71
the first approaches to attention emphasized that people are _____ in the amount of information that they can process at any given time
extremely limited
72
proposed a similar narrow passageway in human information processing
bottleneck theories
73
limits the quantity of information to which we can pay attention
the bottleneck
74
theories that were rejected because they underestimate the flexibility of human attention
bottleneck theories
75
t or f: information is lost throughout many phases of attention, from the beginning through later processing
true
76
theory of attention and perceptual processing developed by Anne Treisman
feature-integration theory
77
Treisman suggested that distributed attention and focused attention form a _____, rather than two distinctive categories
continuum
78
two kinds of processing of the feature-integration theory
- distributed attention - focused attention
79
distributed or focused attention: allows you to register features automatically
distributed attention
80
distributed or focused attention: you use parallel processing across the field, and you register all the features simultaneously
distributed attention
81
distributed or focused attention: a relatively low-level kind of processing
distributed attention
82
distributed or focused attention: requires slower serial processing
focused attention
83
distributed or focused attention: you identify one object at a time
focused attention
84
distributed or focused attention: more demanding kind of processing is necessary when the objects are more complex
focused attention
85
distributed or focused attention: identifies which features belong together
focused attention
86
distributed attention; _____ :: _____; combinations of features
isolated features :: focused attention
87
an inappropriate combination of features, perhaps combining one object’s shape with a nearby object’s color
illusory conjunction
88
sometimes formed when we are overwhelmed with too many simultaneous visual tasks
illusory conjunction
89
When we cannot use _____, we sometimes form illusory conjunctions that are consistent with our expectations
focused attention
90
your visual system does not represent the important features of an object as a unified whole
binding problem
91
focused attention allows this to operate
binding problem
92
helps us screen out inappropriate combinations
top-down processing
93
t or f: it was found that distributed attention can occasionally resemble focused attention
true
94
the awareness that people have about the outside world and about their perceptions, images, thoughts, memories, and feelings
consciousness
95
associated with the kind of controlled, focused attention that is not automatic
consciousness
96
cognitive psychologists have been especially interested in three interrelated issues concerned with consciousness
- our inability to bring certain thoughts into consciousness - our inability to let certain thoughts escape from consciousness - blindsight
97
when your eyes move forward, but you do not process the meaning of the material
mindless reading
98
occurs when your thoughts shift from the external environment in favor of internal processing
mind wandering
99
when we try to eliminate the thoughts, ideas, and images that are related to an undesirable stimulus
thought suppression
100
how our efforts can backfire when we attempt to control the contents of our consciousness
ironic effects of mental control
101
t or f: initial suppression of specific thoughts can produce a rebound effect
true
102
a condition in which an individual with a damaged visual cortex claims not to see an object; however, he or she can accurately report some characteristics of that object, such as its location
blindsight
103
most of the information that is registered on the retina travels to the _____
visual cortex
104
blindsight suggests that visual information must pass through the _____ in order to be registered in consciousness
primary visual cortex

PSY 4313 (6 decks)

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