Chapter 1

Question 1

Reasons to Learn About Child Development

Answer 1

Raising children, Choosing social policies, Understanding human nature

Question 2

Reasons to Learn About Child Development
-Raising children

Answer 2

Help parents and teachers rear and educate
children

ex spanking children wrong = provides alternatives

Question 3

Reasons to Learn About Child Development
-Choosing social policies

Answer 3

to make informed decisions about social polices, need to understand child development

Question 4

Reasons to Learn About Child Development
-Understand human nature

Answer 4

Provides insight into questions regarding human nature

ex. when does learning start
detrimental affects of childhood abuse

Question 5

The Romanian Adoption Study
Explain it

Answer 5

-Grew up with lack physical contact, malnutrition

-They compare children adopted before and after 6 months

-after 6 months, lower weight, lower smart, low social

-lower brain activity in the prefrontal cortex amygdala

Question 6

The Romanian Adoption Study:
prefrontal cortex amygdala

Answer 6

Brain area involved in emotional reaction

Question 7

What were the goals of old philosophers (similar to new thinkers)

Answer 7

Goals were to be better parents, improve wellbeing of the kids, understand human nature

Question 8

Early Views of Child Development
Ideas of Plato and Aristotle
Similarities and differences

Answer 8

Both agreed society depended on children being raised well

Question 9

Early Views of Child Development
Ideas of Plato and Aristotle
Plato ideas

Answer 9

-emphasized self control and disciplined
-children are born w/ innate knowledge
ex able to disgush human vs animals.

Question 10

Early Views of Child Development
Ideas of Plato and Aristotle
Aristotle Ideas

Answer 10

-Child raising should be based on individual needs
-Knowledge comes from experience
ex children are born with no knowledge

Question 11

Later Philosophers: Early Views of Child Development
Jean-Jacques Rousseau Ideas

Answer 11

Parents and society should give children maximum freedom since the beginning

Question 12

Later Philosophers: Early Views of Child Development
John Locke

Answer 12

-Children are blank slate
-Instill discipline first, then increase child’s freedom

Question 13

Darwin’s Theory of Evolution
What did darwin develop?What was his proposal

Answer 13

Developed baby biography(documents early life; milestones etc.) first way to study children

-Proposed theory that evolution influences research in modern child development
ex sex difference, attachment to mothers

Question 14

Social Reform Movements
what was happening in the Industrial Revolution

Answer 14

Children worked in coal mines and
factories
-Affected them for years

Question 15

Social reform movement Definition

Answer 15

established first child labor laws

Question 16

How Do Nature and Nurture Together Shape
Development?
Give definition of both

Answer 16

Nurture = environment
Nature/genome = individual’s complete set of
hereditary information

All human charactistics are created through interaction of genes and environment

Question 17

The active child
Explain it and what are the most important contributors in the first years

Answer 17

Child shape their own development through childhood

Most important contributors in their first years are:
-Who and what they chose to pay attention too
-Use of language
-Who and what they decide to play with or what

Question 18

The Active Child: How do children shape their
own development?
Newborns

Answer 18

They have selective attention to things that move and make sound

They pay particular attention to mothers face

Question 19

The Active Child: How do children shape their
own development?
Toddlers

Answer 19

They are activity trying to learn a language by themsleves.

Question 20

The Active Child: How do children shape their
own development?
Older Children

Answer 20

They are involved in controled play which includes controlling emotions, adhereing to rules and etc

Question 20

The Active Child: How do children shape their
own development?
Young Children

Answer 20

What types of fantasy play they engage with

Question 21

Continuity and Discontinuity
Discontinuous Development
What is it and who believed in it

Answer 21

-large occasional shifts
-sudden
-Piaget, Freud and erikson were stage theorists

Question 22

Continuity and Discontinuity
Continuous Development

Answer 22

-occur gradually in small increments
-developments occurs skill by skill and task by task

Question 23

Piaget’s Conservation-of-Liquid
Quantity Problem
What is it and what does it prove

Answer 23

It was when you have two glasses the same size and then you pour one of the liquids into a taller glass and ask the child if its the same amount of water

Children at 4 believe its not the same amount but children at 6 do

Example of discontinues development

Question 24

How does change occur?

Answer 24

It occurs because of the interaction between genome and environment determines what and when changes occur

Question 25

How does change occur? Effortful attention What is it and example Its a mechanism to trigger change because it ____

Answer 25

Voluntary control of emotions and thoughts example: not crying when you dont get ur way Its a mechanism to trigger change because it exterting effortful attention that can change behavioral problems and etc

Question 26

How Does the Sociocultural Context Influence Development? What is social cultural context?

Answer 26

Physical, social, cultural, historical circumstances -influences every aspect of children development

Question 27

Cultural Comparisons Cross-culture: sleeping arrangements Within-culture: socioeconomic status Examples of both

Answer 27

Most infants sleep alone in US other countries they don't Access to services, support, quality of education, healthy food etc

Question 28

Socioeconomic Status and Development cumulative risk definition and obstacle

Answer 28

cumulative risk (The accumulation of these disadvantages over years of development) seems to be the greatest obstacle for poor children

Question 29

Socioeconomic Status and Development Resilient Resilient children overcome the ____

Answer 29

Resilient children overcome the obsatcles of poverty

Question 30

How Do Children Become So Different from One Another?

Answer 30

Genetic differences Difference treatment by parents and Others Different experiences and environments

Question 31

How Can Research Promote Children's Well-Being?

Answer 31

diagnosing and decreasing children’s problems -more valid child eyewitness testimony, educational innovations anger mamangemnt programs

Question 32

Methods for Studying Child Development(Name two)

Answer 32

Scientifit method Research designs

Question 33

The Scientific Method definition

Answer 33

An approach to testing beliefs

Question 34

Key criteria in creating good research (Three of them)

Answer 34

-Reliability * Validity * Replicability

Question 35

Key criteria in creating good research Reliability Interrater reliability definition

Answer 35

Independent measurements are consistent refers to the reproducibility of measurement between two or more investigators.

Question 36

Key criteria in creating good research Test–retest reliability:

Answer 36

Degree of similarity of a child's performance on two or more occasions example testing kids on vocab test a week apart the kids who scored high should score high again, if everything was the same as last time

Question 37

Key criteria in creating good research Validity

Answer 37

it tests if its measuring what its suppose to be measuring

Question 38

Key criteria in creating good research Internal validity: External validity:

Answer 38

observed results represent truth in population studied can results be generalized beyond the research in question

Question 39

Key criteria in creating good research Replicability What is the replicaition crisis

Answer 39

If you can replicate the study and get the same results Psychology have proven difficult to replicate.

Question 40

Contexts for Gathering Data About Children Interviews and questionnaires Structured interviews: Clinical interviews: Questionnaires:

Answer 40

all participants asked the same questions questions adjusted based on answers provided uniform set of questions

Question 41

Contexts for Gathering Data About Children Naturalistic observation Structured observation

Answer 41

Examining children's behaviors but in an controlled environment Method that presents identical situations to each child and records child's behavior

Question 42

Correlation and Causation An important goal of research is to

Answer 42

An important goal of research is to determine how variable are related to one another through -Associations -Cause-effect relations

Question 43

Correlational Designs How are two variables______? Variables definition

Answer 43

How are two variables related to each other? Attributes that vary across individuals and situations( age and gender example)

Question 44

Correlational Designs Correlation

Answer 44

Association between two variables Range from 1.00 (strongest positive correlation) to −1.00 (strongest negative correlation)

Question 45

Correlation Does Not Equal Causation Why?

Answer 45

It could be influenced by a third variable you don't know about

Question 46

Experimental designs: What is it and its charactersitcs?

Answer 46

a group of approaches that allow inferences about causes and effects to be drawn Random assignment of participants to groups(both experimental/control) Experimental group is presented with treatment and control group isnt

Question 47

Research Designs for Examining Children’s Development Cross-sectional design

Answer 47

Children of different ages are compared on a given behavior over a short period of time

Question 48

Research Designs for Examining Children’s Development Longitudinal design

Answer 48

Same children are studied twice or more over a substantial lenght of time

Question 49

Research Designs for Examining Children’s Development Microgenetic designs

Answer 49

Same children are studied repeatedly over a short period.