Chapter 4 Flashcards by Chantal Batista

what three things work together from birth to propel development forward.

Stages are constructed through processes
of assimilation, accommodation, and
equilibration

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Piagets stage theory
View of Children’s Nature
Constructivist approach

Why did he call it Constructivist

Constructive processes involves…

because it depicts children as constructing knowledge for themselves in response to their experiences.

Generating hypotheses
* Performing experiments
* Drawing conclusions

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Central Properties of Piaget’s Stage Theory
His theory believed in Qualitave change which means what

How was his theory broad?

discontionus change which means differant ages = different thinking

provided frameowkr for understanding children brains

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Central Properties of Piaget’s Stage Theory
His theory believed in breif trasition which means what

His theory believed in invariant sequence which means what

that the trasitioning between the stages were very short periods of time

that all children went through the same stuff in the same order

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Piaget’s Stage Theory consisted of four stages
name them all and the ages

Sensorimotor Stage (Birth to Age 2 Years)
Preoperational Stage (Ages 2 to 7)
Concrete Operational Stage(7-12)
Formal Operational Stage(12 and beyond)

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Sensorimotor Stage (Birth to Age 2 Years)
Sensorimotor intelligence:

Birth to 1 month: ___( example)

Beyond first few months: using reflexes to
_____

8 months: ___

Senses and motor skills

reflexes (sucking, grasping)

grasp and bring to mouth

Object permanence

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Sensorimotor Stage (Birth to Age 2 Years)
Beyond first year: actions based on
_____
* 1 year: ____
* 18 to 24 months:

Beyond first year: actions based on
interest of child

1 year: little explorer
18 to 24 months: deferred imitation:
repeating behaviors of others

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Sensorimotor Stage (Birth to Age 2 Years)
A-not-B-task:

tendency to reach for a
hidden object where it was last found,
rather than in the new location where it
was last hidden

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Preoperational Stage (Ages 2 to 7)
Symbolic representation
definition and example

Use of one object to stand for another

example stick as a sword

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Preoperational Stage (Ages 2 to 7)
Centration
definition and example

Focus on a single, perceptually striking
feature of an object or event(dont know this one)

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Preoperational Stage (Ages 2 to 7)
Egocentrism

Perceiving the world solely from one’s
own point of view

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Preoperational Stage (Ages 2 to 7)
Conservation concept

Changing the appearance of objects
does not necessarily change the
properties

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Concrete Operational Stage(Ages 7 to 12)

Children begin to reason
logically about concrete
features of the world

Systematic and hypothetical
thinking difficult

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Formal Operational Stage
(Age 12 and Beyond)

Think abstractly and reason
hypothetically.
* Not universal
* Adolescent thinking expands and
enriches intellectual life.

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Piaget’s Legacy
Piaget’s theory remains ___

Weaknesses
-____
-Infants and young children are more
____
-Depicts thinking as more ___
than reality

influential

Vague
cognitively competent
consistent

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How can Piaget’s theory be applied
to education?

Considering the various stages of
cognitive processing to determine
when information should be taught

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Information-Processing Theories

Focus on the structure of cognitive
systems and the mental activities used
to deploy attention and memory to
solve problems

Task analysis: research technique
* Computer simulation: a type of
mathematical model

i have no idea difgure it out

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View of Children’s Nature through Information-Processing Theories
The child as a _____

They see cognitive growth as ___

The child as a ____

limited-capacity processing system

They see cognitive growth as continuous
-which means processing speeds faster,learning faster etc etc

problem solver

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Development of Memory
Working memory

Actively attending to, gathering,
maintaining, storing, and processing
information
* Limitations (capacity; time)

Development of Memory
Long-term memory

Knowledge that people accumulate
over their lifetime (think Jeopardy, the
game show)

Development of Memory
Executive functioning

control behavior and thought processes.
via
prefrontal cortex

Central Developmental Issues
How are executive functions applied
throughout the lifespan?

Inhibiting tempting actions

Enhancing working memory

Being cognitively flexible

Figure it out

How to explain memory?
Basic process
(Five things)(first three)

Associating events with one another

Recognizing objects as familiar

Recalling facts and procedures

How to explain memory?
Basic process
(Five things)(two things)

Generalizing from one instance to
another

Encoding specific features of objects
and events

Central Developmental Issues Strategies

* Rehearsal * Selective attention * Encoding idk figure it out

Central Developmental Issues Content knowledge Increased knowledge improves ____ of new information. Prior content knowledge improves ___

recall and integration encoding, provides useful associations, and guides memory in useful directions.

Central Developmental Issues What would develop problem solving

The use of strategies

Central Developmental Issues Overlapping waves theory: Planning:

emphasizes the variability of children’s thinking problem solving is more successful if people plan before acting

How can we apply information- processing theories to education? Research has found that children’s knowledge of numbers when they enter kindergarten predicts ____later.

their mathematics achievement

Core-Knowledge Theories

Innate knowledge * Domain-specific learning mechanisms for rapidly and effortlessly acquiring additional information in those domains * Understanding and manipulating other people’s thinking * Differentiating between living and nonliving things * Identifying human faces, finding one’s way through space * Understanding causes and effects; language I dont understand this oen either

View of Children's Nature Core-knowledge theorists Entering world equipped with ______

Entering world equipped with specialized learning mechanisms

View of Children's Nature Core-knowledge theorists Are domain-specific; ____ (e.g., Theory of Mind)

different mechanisms produce development in each domain dont understand

Core-knowledge theorists View of Children's Nature Nativism definition and example

The belief that infants are born with substantial knowledge of evolutionarily important domains, as well as the ability to quickly and easily acquire more knowledge in these domains, for example language

Core-knowledge theorists View of Children's Nature Constructivism(confused on the rest of slide)

theorize that infants possess specialized learning abilities that allow them to quickly and effortlessly begin to understand domains of special evolutionary importance. infants inital knowledge in these domains are more advanced

Sociocultural Theories Emphasize that other people and the surrounding culture contribute___ Social scaffolding is what

greatly to children’s development making the best possible enivorment for a kid

View of Children's Nature Sociocultural theorist:Lev Vygotsky said what?

Children are social learners

Sociocultural theorist View of Children's Nature Three phases of internalized speech Children’s behavior is controlled by _____ ○ Children’s behavior is controlled by their own ____ ○ Behavior is controlled by internalized ____(__)

Children’s behavior is controlled by other people’s statements. ○ Children’s behavior is controlled by their own private speech ○ Behavior is controlled by internalized private speech (thought)

Sociocultural theorist View of Children's Nature Children seen as ___ and ____ Humans have two unique characteristics crucial to complex culture construction what are they?

Children seen as teachers and learners. Teaching; attending and learning

Sociocultural theorist Central Development Issues Sociocultural theories propose that change _____ Joint attention

occurs through social interaction. Focusing on something someone else is also focusing on and allows them to learn from others "looks at airplane, points, looks at you and checks to see if u are also looking and look back"

Dynamic-Systems Theories Focus on how change occurs over ____

Focus on how change occurs over varying time periods in complex systems Development as process of constant change

Dynamic-Systems Theories View of Children's Nature Dynamic-Systems Theories emphasize:

Children are innately motivated to explore the environment. * Children have a precise way of problem solving. * Infants and toddlers are competent. * Other people are important in influencing development

Dynamic-Systems Theories View of Children's Nature Motivators of development

Children are motivated to learn about the world around them. * They are interested in the world around them. * They expand their capabilities.

Dynamic-Systems Theories View of Children's Nature Children’s specific actions contribute to____

development throughout life. -It is evident in reaching and grasping for objects.

Dynamic-Systems Theories Central Developmental Issues Self-organization and soft assembly

Involves integrating attention, memory, emotions, and actions "Soft assembly" a concept that describes how actions are the result of an immediate interaction between an individual and their context

Dynamic-Systems Theories Central Developmental Issues Mechanisms of change Variation Selection

Variation: The use of different behaviors to pursue the same goal. * Selection: Increasing frequent choice of behaviors that are relatively successful in reaching goals.