Chapter 3 Flashcards by Chantal Batista

Genome

Gene synthesis

Humans have how many genes

Complete set of organisms genes

Method for producing DNA

20,000

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Nature and Nurture
Genotype

Phenotype

Inherited genetic material

Observed expression of genotype (e.g.,
body characteristics, behavior)

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What are the Five Fundamental Relations that contribute to development

Parents’ genetic contribution to children’s genotypes
The contribution of children’s genotypes to their own
phenotypes
The contribution of children’s environments to their
phenotypes
The influence of children’s phenotypes on their environments
The influence of children’s environments on their genotypes

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Genetic and Environmental Forces: Relation 1
Parents’ genotype–child’s genotype

Involves transmission _____

Involves transmission of genetic material
from parent to offspring

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Genetic and Environmental Forces: Relation 1
Parents’ genotype–child’s genotype

Chromosomes: ___ of ___

DNA (deoxyribonucleic acid):Carries all ___

Gene:Basic___

Chromosomes: molecules of DNA
DNA (deoxyribonucleic acid): Carries
all biochemical instructions
Gene: Basic unit of heredity

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Genetic and Environmental Forces: Relation 1
Parents’ genotype–child’s genotype

Diversity and individuality happen due to:

Name four and definition

Random Assortment: egg and sperm
* Crossing over: sections of DNA switch from one chromosome to another
* Mutation: a change in a section of DNA
* Sex chromosomes (X and Y) that determine an individual’s gender

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Genetic and Environmental Forces: Relation 2
Child’s genotype–child’s phenotype

Phenotype:
Endophenotypes: make a ___ for between ___ and ___
Gene expression:

physical characteristics and
behavioral characteristics.

make a path for between genes and behavior
(e.g., brain, nervous system)

developmental changes

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Genetic and Environmental Forces: Relation 2
Child’s genotype–child’s phenotype
Regulator genes Explain what is it

Do they function alone?

Control activity of other genes, turning off
and on
the genes that are turned on in certain cells lead them to specialize for arm, hand, and fingerprint formation.

Never function in isolation(whenever the turning on of one gene triggers other genes to either turn on or off but they are never alone)

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Genetic and Environmental Forces: Relation 2
Alleles:
Dominant:
Recessive:

Alleles: an alternative verison of a gene

Dominant: the allele that is present gets expressed

Recessive: the allele that is not
expressed if a dominant allele is present

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Genetic and Environmental Forces: Relation 2
Homozygous:
Heterozygous:
Polygenic inheritance:

Homozygous: two of the same allele
* Heterozygous: two different alleles
* Polygenic inheritance: many different
genes contribute to any given phenotypic
outcome
-Inheritance is for complicated patterns like intelligence

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Genetic and Environmental Forces: Relation 2
* Polygenic inheritance:

many different genes contribute to any given phenotypic outcome

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Genetic and Environmental Forces: Relation 3
Child’s environment–child’s phenotype

Given genotype may ____ different environments

an example

Given genotype may develop differently
in different environments

Effects of abusive parenting on adult
outcomes

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Genetic and Environmental Forces: Relation 3
Childs Enivorment- Child phentype

Carrier Genetic Testing:

genetic testing used to determine
whether prospective parents are carriers of specific disorders

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Genetic and Environmental Forces: Relation 3
Child Enivorment- Child Phenotype
Prenatal Testing:

Newborn Screening:

genetic testing used to assess the fetus’s
risk for genetic disorders

tests used to screen newborn infants for a range of genetic and non-genetic disorders

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Genetic and Environmental Forces: Relation 4
Child’s phenotype–child’s environment

Children are ___ of their environments

Children are active creators of their environments

They evoke certain kinds
of responses from others.
Actively select surrounds
and experiences

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Genetic and Environmental Forces: Relation 4
Child’s phenotype–child’s environment
When a parent read novels

She is providing a rich literary environment for
her young child.

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Genetic and Environmental Forces: Relation 5
Child’s environment–child’s genotype

DNA is “fixed” but expression of
_____

Epigenetics

DNA is “fixed” but expression of
genetic code is altered

Stable changes in gene
expression. and can be passed on to the next generration

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Genetic and Environmental Forces
Methylation:

epigenetic mechanism; silences gene
expression

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Behavior Genetics
Behavior genetics definition

How variation in behavior and development
results from _____

How variation in behavior and development
results from the combination of genetic and
environmental factors

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Behavior Genetics
Heritable

Refers to characteristics or traits that are
genetically transmitted

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Behavior Genetics
Multifactorial

Traits affected by ____

Traits affected by environmental and genetic
factors

Individual Differences: Genetically Transmitted
Developmental Disorders
These conditions follow various inheritance
patterns
name three of them?

Dominant-recessive patterns
Sex-linked-inheritance
Polygenic inheritance

Environmental Effects
Large contribution of environmental
factors are (two things and give definition and give another one)

Shared environment: Same family;
genetic relatedness

Non-shared environments: unique
to individual
aka Birth order, parenting
style/experience

under Non-shared environments
outside family factors
different peer groups,
idiosyncratic life events, inspiring
teacher, or being bullied

Structures of the Brain
All neurons have ___ main components.

name them

Cell body, Dendrites, Axon

Structures of the Brain Neurons Cell body

Cell body: contains basic biological material; keeps neuron functioning

Structures of the Brain Neurons Dendrites

neural fibers; receive input from other cells

Structures of the Brain Neurons Axon

neural fibers; conduct electrical signals away from the cell body

Structures of the Brain Neurons Synapses

a small space between two neurons where they communicate with each other

Structures of the Brain Glial cells what do they do and from Myelin sheath

support cells in the nervous system Form myelin sheath around axons fatty sheath that forms around certain axons in the body -Increases speed

Structures of the Brain The Cortex Cerebral cortex constitutes __ of human brain What is it invovled in

80% Involved in a variety of mental functions: seeing, hearing, thinking, problem solving, emotions, etc.

Structures of the Brain Cortex Lobes: major areas of the cortex name all four lobes

Occipital lobe: Parietal lobe Temporal lobe: Frontal lobe

Structures of the Brain Cortex Lobes: major areas of the cortex Occipital lobe: Temporal lobe:

processes visual information associated with memory, emotions, auditory processing

Structures of the Brain Cortex Lobes: major areas of the cortex Parietal lobe: * Frontal lobe:

the ability to tell where objects are in space organizing behavior; planning ahead

Structures of the Brain Cortex Association areas:

Information from multiple sensory systems is processed and integrated in the association areas that lie in between the major sensory and motor areas.

Brain Development Cortex Auditory cortex: * Visual cortex:

hearing vision

Structures of the Brain Cerebral hemispheres: Input from one side of body goes to _____

two halves of the cortex opposite hemisphere

Structures of the Brain Corpus callosum: Cerebral lateralization:

a thick bundle of nerve fibers that connects the brain's left and right hemispheres the idea that the brain's two hemispheres are functionally specialized for processing different things

Developmental Processes Neurogenesis: the process by _____ Begins ___ days after conception Then neurons migrate to ___

the process by which new neurons are created in the brain from neural stem cells; rapidly * Begins 42 days after conception * Then neurons migrate to ultimate destinations

Developmental Processes Spines:

Increase capacity of dendrites to form connections with other neurons

Developmental Processes Myelination:

formation of myelin sheath around axons of neurons

Developmental Processes Synaptogenesis Process by which neurons form___ neurons Results in trillions of __

* Process by which neurons form synapses with other neurons * Results in trillions of connections

Developmental Processes Synapse pruning

excess amount of connections that oen brain cant use basically the process of elimating the ones not used

Mapping the Mind One example you can map the mind(Its a job u wanted)

Functional magnetic resonance(MRI)

The Importance of Experience Plasticity definition and the two types

capacity of brain to be modeled or changed by experience Experience-expectant plasticity, Experience-dependent plasticity

The Importance of Experience Experience-expectant plasticity Experience-dependent plasticity:

general human experience in shaping brain development result of experiences

Brain Damage and Recovery Brain can rewire if damaged early in life, when compared with damage later in life Worst time to suffer brain damage is ____.

very early, during prenatal development

Nutritional Behavior: Infant Feeding Advantages of breast milk: INFANT Advantages of breast milk breasting feeding parent

Naturally free of bacteria Fatty acids in breast milk Decreases parent’s risk of breast and ovarian cancer * Deterrent when weighed against the financial cost of formula

Nutritional Behavior: Food Preference Development Development of food preferences: infant responses(four of them) Food neophobia

Positive: sweet and umami Negative: bitter Mixed: sour Little reaction: salty young children's unwillingness to eat unfamiliar foods

Obesity: Why Do Some People Become Overweight? Genetic factors not predicted by a ___ ___ Environmental factors like school(name example)

not predicted by a single gene * Self-regulation and impulse control. Schools: lack of physical education, recess activities Home screen time

Undernutrition a definition and what it affects

not getting enough to eat Brain development * Physical growth * Cognition

Vaccines Herd immunity

is a point at which a disease has difficulty spreading through a population because a large enough percentage of people are immune to it.