Chapter 13 Flashcards
Play
What is play?
Play refers to activities that children engage in for their enjoyment.
Play
What are the four benefits to play?
○ Learning and practicing empathy
○ Fostering cognitive and language
development
○ Enhancing motor development and skills
○ Promoting emotion regulation and
increasing positive emotions
Individual Differences: The Development of
Social Play
Non-social types of play
Name all three
Unoccupied play
Onlooker play
Solitary play
Individual Differences: The Development of
Social Play: Non-social types of play
What is unoccupied play?
Unoccupied play occurs when a child watches their environment but does not engage in any specific activity.
Individual Differences: The Development of
Social Play: Non-social types of play
What is onlooker play?
Onlooker play is when a child observes other children playing but does not participate.
Individual Differences: The Development of
Social Play: Non-social types of play
What is solitary play?
Solitary play happens when a child plays alone without interacting or observing others.
Individual Differences: The Development of
Social Play: Social types of play
What is parallel play?
Parallel play is when children play beside each other, but they don’t interact or share their activities directly.
Individual Differences: The Development of
Social Play: Social types of play
What is associative play?
Associative play involves children playing in a common activity, sharing materials, but not necessarily coordinating their actions.
Individual Differences: The Development of
Social Play: Social types of play
Cooperative play:
play with others in organized
activity with a goal
Friendships
Who are considered peers?
Peers are people of approximately the same age and status.
Friendships
Who are friends?
Friends are peers with whom individuals have intimate, reciprocated, and positive relationships.
Children’s Choice of Friends
At what age do children start forming friendships?
By or before age 2.
Children’s Choice of Friends
How do children define friendships by ages 3-4?
By making and maintaining friendships.
Children’s Choice of Friends
How do children define friendships by ages 6-8?
Based on shared activities.
Children’s Choice of Friends
What is the role of friendships in adolescence?
Friendships are used as a context for self-exploration.
Children’s Choice of Friends
What factors lead to changes in friendships as children grow?
Ability to take others’ perspectives.
Differences in how children think and express their ideas.
The Role of Technology in Friendships
How has technology influenced peer interactions?
Online social media, instant messaging, and texting play an important role in peer interactions.
The Role of Technology in Friendships
What are some benefits of electronic communication in friendships?
Greater anonymity.
Less emphasis on physical appearance.
More control over interactions.
Easier to find similar peers.
24/7 access and it’s enjoyable.
The Role of Technology in Friendships
What is the rich-get-richer hypothesis regarding technology use?
It suggests that the Internet is most beneficial to those already skilled in using it.
The Role of Technology in Friendships
What does the social-compensation hypothesis propose about online communication?
It benefits lonely and socially anxious youths more than face-to-face communication.
The Role of Technology in Friendships
In contrast, How can high levels of Internet use for entertainment impact mental health?
It may predict an increase in anxiety and depression.
Effects of Friendships on Psychological
Functioning and Behavior
How do friendships provide support during lonely or difficult times?(three things)
They offer validation and help children cope with periods of transition involving peers.
They serve as a buffer against negative experiences.
Social skills develop and the ability to form positive relationships with others.
Bullying
What does bullying often result from?
Which gender is more likely to be bullied?
A power imbalance between individuals
Girls are more likely to be bullied than boys.
Bullying
What influences bullying?
What are the negative effects of bullying?
A range of individual and social factors.
It leads to emotional, social, and sometimes academic difficulties for the victim.
