Chatper 2 Flashcards by Chantal Batista

Prenatal Development
Ideas of development _____

Used to believe individual was ___
Aristotle argued for ____

changed over time

pre-formed

epigenesis

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Prenatal Development
Epigenesis

the process by which plants, animals and fungi develop from a seed through a sequence of steps in which organs form.

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Conception
Gametes (germ cells)(What is it)

Contain half the ______

reproductive cells
(egg and sperm)

Contain half the genetic material of all
other cells in the body

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Conception
Meiosis definition

___ chromosomes from mother and ___
chromosomes from father

a type of cell division that produces gametes, or sex cells, like eggs and sperm

23,23

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Conception definition

Zygote:

the union of an egg from the mother
and a sperm from the father; fertilization

a fertilized egg cell

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Developmental Processes
______ that transform a zygote to embryo to fetus

name them

Four developmental processes that transform a zygote to embryo to fetus

*Mitosis
* Cell migration
* Cell differentiation
* Apoptosis

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Developmental Processes
Mitosis

Cell division resulting in two identical daughter cells

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Developmental Processes
Cell migration

Newly formed cells move away from point of origin

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Developmental Processes
Cell differentiation

Cells start to specialize in structure and function

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Developmental Processes
Apoptosis

programmed cell death
Genetically programmed cell death

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Developmental Processes
Role of Apoptosis:

Fetal hand plate
* Cell death needed for
development of hand to
create ridges for fingers to
separate

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Brief Overview of Prenatal Development
1 week: Zygote travels to ___
2-3 weeks: Embryo forms ___

Week 1: Zygote travels to womb to begin embryo formation
Week 2-3: Embryo forms nervous system, skin, neural tube

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Brief Overview of Prenatal Development 13-24 weeks
25-38 weeks

Week 13-24: Basic facial expressions; fetal movements
Weeks 25-38: Fetus size triples; brain and lungs develop; visual/auditory systems functional; fetus capable of learning

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Early Development: Support System
Neural tube:

a groove formed in the top layer of
differentiated cells
* Eventually becomes the brain and spinal cord

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Early Development: Support System
Amniotic sac:

a transparent, fluid-filled membrane
* Surrounds and protects the fetus

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Early Development: Support System
Placenta:

a support organ for the fetus
* Permits exchange of materials

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Early Development: Support System
Umbilical cord:

a tube containing the blood
vessels connecting the fetus and placenta
* Nutrients

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Early Development: Support System
Cephalocaudal:

areas near head develop earlier than those farther away

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Early Development: Support System
Androgens:
class of ___ that include
___

class of hormones that include
testosterone

-Sex differentiation

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Early Development
Identical (monozygotic) twins
How it occurs and what genes they have

Twins that result from the splitting in half of the zygote

Each of the two resulting zygotes have exactly same set of
genes

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Early Development
Fraternal (dizygotic) twins
How it happens, what its fertilized by and what their genes look like

Twins that result when two eggs happen to release in fallopian tubes at the same time
Fertilized by two different sperm
Fraternal twins have only half their genes in common

Fetal Experience and Behavior
Movement

When does it begin? Examples of movement

Begins 5 to 6 weeks after conception

Emergence of hiccups, swallowing
Movement of limbs, fingers
Respiratory readiness for breathing independently after birth

Fetal Experience and Behavior
Behavioral cycles

Rest–activity cycles; alternates between periods of _____

Circadian rhythm apparent(the natural ________that occur in the body

Rest–activity cycles; alternates between periods of rest and activity

Circadian rhythm apparent(the natural 24-hour cycle of physical, mental, and behavioral changes that occur in the body

Fetal Experience: Senses
Sight

Touch

Taste

Minimal

Contact with parts of the body; grasping
umbilical cord, rubbing face, sucking thumb

Can detect flavors in amniotic fluid

Fetal Experience: Senses Smell Hearing

* Amniotic fluid takes on odor from what mother eats * Responds to various sounds from at least 6 months

Fetal Experience: Senses Phylogenetic continuity:

humans share characteristics and developmental processes with nonhuman animals

Fetal Learning Habituation Definition DisHabituation

Decrease in response to repeated/continued stimulation New interest occurs after noticeable change in stimulus

Hazards to Prenatal Development Sensitive period

When certain type of development is most likely particularly susceptible to environmental influence

Hazards to Prenatal Development Miscarriage __ of U.S. clinically recognized pregnancies end in miscarriage. At least __% to possibly as high as ___% of women experience at least one miscarriage.

* 15% of U.S. clinically recognized pregnancies end in miscarriage. * At least 25% to possibly as high as 50% of women experience at least one miscarriage.

Teratogens Teratogen defintion Dose–response relation

Potentially harmful agent The more exposure, the more at risk the fetus becomes.

Teratogens Sleeper effect:

impact of a given agent may not be apparent for many years

Hazards to Prenatal Development Three examples

Marijuana Nicotine Alcohol

Sudden Infant Death Syndrome (SIDS) What is it and how to reduce it

Infant 1 year of age or less dies suddenly and unexpectedly with no cause No smoking Breastfeeding Using firm bedding

Fetal Alcohol Spectrum Disorder (FASD)

Mother’s alcohol consumption during pregnancy affects fetus facial deformities, intellectual disabilities, attention problems,

Fetal Alcohol Spectrum Disorder (FASD) Fetal alcohol effects, or FAE:

when infant has some but not all effects of FASD

Hazards to Prenatal Development Environmental pollutants

Air and water pollution Lead (dose–response relationship) Mircoplastics

Maternal Factors Age

Infant mortality rate high for teen mothers 15 years or younger Women delaying pregnancies until their 30s or 40s risk infertility

Maternal Factors Nutrition General malnutrition of mother affects ___; later ____

General malnutrition of mother affects growth of fetal brain; later cognitive impairments

Maternal Factors Maternal emotional state High maternal stress leads_____ linked to ___

High maternal stress leads to increased stress hormone levels * Linked to behavior problems in children

Fetal programming

The theory that environmental factors during fetal development can have a long-term impact on an individual's health.

Diversity of Childbirth Practices All cultures pursue dual goals which is Childbirth practices vary ___

All cultures pursue dual goals. -Survival and health of mother and baby Childbirth practices vary across cultures.

Diversity of Childbirth Practices Cesarean (C-section):

surgical delivery of baby when birth complications arise

The Newborn Infant A healthy baby interacts with ______ Two examples this is influnced by what

A healthy baby interacts with environment right away * Explores and learns State of Arousal

State of Arousal can range from what to what and how many are there

* Ranging from deep sleep to intense activity six stages of arousal

Six Stages of Arousal Sleep * Newborns sleep ___ as much as adults * ___ throughout childhood

* Newborns sleep twice as much as adults * Declines throughout childhood

Six Stages of Arousal Rapid eye movement (REM) sleep: * ______ under closed eyelids

active sleep state * Quick movements under closed eyelids

Six Stages of Arousal Non-REM sleep: * Absence of _____ movements * More _____ brain waves, breathing, and heart rate

quiet or deep sleep state * Absence of motor activity or eye movements * More regular, slower brain waves, breathing, and heart rate

Six Stages of Arousal Crying Why do they cry? * Peaks around ___ weeks of age, and decreases around ___ months of age.

Attention, illness, pain, hunger Peaks around 6–8 weeks of age, and decreases around 3–4 months of age.

State of Arousal Colic:

excessive, inconsolable crying by a young infant for no apparent reason

Infant mortality occurs when the most Average newborn birth wieght

Death during the first year after birth 7½ pounds

Premature (preterm) babies: born at ___ weeks after conception

born at 37 weeks after conception; small for gestational age