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Anatomy > Chapter 1 > Flashcards

Chapter 1 Flashcards

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1
Q

Anatomy

A

Investigates body’s structure or form

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2
Q

Physiology

A

Studies the processes of functions of living things in order to understand and predict the body’s response to stimuli and how the body maintains homeostasis

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3
Q

How are anatomy and physiology related?

A

Form follows function (skeletal muscle cells, adipose cells)

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4
Q

Cytology

A

Examining structure of cells

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5
Q

Histology

A

Study structure of tissues

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6
Q

Gross anatomy

A

Large objects that can be seen without microscope (heart, bones)

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7
Q

Developmental

A

How organisms change from conception to adult (embryology)

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8
Q

Systemic

A

Study of systems (respiratory, cardiovascular)

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9
Q

Regional anatomy

A

Studying by regions of the body

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10
Q

Surface anatomy

A

Studying relation of external features to internal structures

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11
Q

Anatomical imaging

A

MRI, ultrasound

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12
Q

Approach of physiology

A

Systemic over regions

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13
Q

Homeostasis

A

Maintain a relatively constant environment within an acceptable range despite changes in variables

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14
Q

Pathology

A

Science of disease

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15
Q

Smallest level of organization

A

Chemical - atoms combine to produce molecules like enzymes

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16
Q

Second smallest level of organization

A

Cellular - the basic unit of living organisms.

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17
Q

Larger lever after cellular

A

Tissues- groups of similar cells and material around them

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18
Q

Third largest level of organization

A

Organs- structures which perform one or more functions, made up of more than one different type of tissue

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19
Q

Second most complex level of organization

A

Systems - group of organs with a common function

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20
Q

Most complex level of organization

A

Organism- all systems working together

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21
Q

Integumentary

A

Skin, hair - protection, regulate temperature, prevent dehydration

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22
Q

Skeletal

A

Bones- protects, supports, for movement, produce blood cells, store minerals

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23
Q

Muscular

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A

Muscles - movement, posture, produces heat

24
Q

Nervous

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A

Brain, spinal cord - regulation of body functions, detect sensation, control movement, control thought, control respiration

25
Endocrine
Endocrine glands - controls metabolism and growth, initiates puberty and controls sexual reproduction
26
Cardiovascular
Heart, blood vessels - transports nutrients to organs and wastes from organs, transports gasses throughoit, transports hormones
27
Lymphatic
Spleen, thymus, lymph nodes - combat disease, maintain tissue fluid balance
28
Respiratory
Lungs, trachea- exchange of gases between blood and air, aids in acid base regulation (pH)
29
Digestive
Mouth, esophagus, stomach, intestines - absorbs nutrients, eliminates waste
30
Urinary
Kidneys, bladder - removed waste from circulation, regulates acid-base balance
31
Reproductive
Gonads - controls sexual function and sexual behavior, responsible for reproduction
32
Characteristics of life
Organization - interrelations among parts of an organism and how they work together Metabolism - ability to use energy from food, all chemical reactions occurring in the body Responsiveness - ability to sense changes in the environment and adjust homeostasis Growth/development growth is increase in size or number, development is changes in organism over time Reproduction - new cells or new organisms must pass genetic code Waste removal - required due to metabolism as waste products are toxic
33
Anabolic
Form together to create
34
Catabolic
Break down
35
Differentiation
General to specific change over time (stem cells)
36
Morphogenetic
Shape of tissue change
37
Dynamic constancy
Variables change with their values going up or down, but homeostasis tries to keep this at an acceptable average
38
Set point and normal range
Set point - place to keep variable. Normal range - acceptable range
39
Blood pH
7.4. Range being 7.35-7.45
40
Control systems
Control the body’s functions to maintain homeostasis - nervous and endocrine
41
Nervous system control center
Responds quickly but effects are not long lasting
42
Endocrine system control system
Slower to react but effects are longer lasting
43
Negative feedback
The mechanism via which the control systems maintain homeostasis
44
Three components of negative feedback
Receptor- monitors value of some variable Control center - establishes set point Effector - can change the value of the variable
45
Reason for name negative feedback
Efffectd are the opposite direction of the deviation from the set point
46
Stimulus
Change in variable
47
Integrator
Control center that send information to effector
48
Negative feedback in temperature change to cold weather
Thermo sensors in skin are receptor Integrator is brain Effector is skeletal muscles Response is shivering
49
Positive feedback
Less common and implies when deviations occur, the body’s response is to make the deviation even greater in the same direction
50
Examples of helpful positive feedback
Labor, clotting, digestive enzymes
51
Serous membranes
Cover the organs and line cavities that ar not open to the outside. Double walled membranes which act to protect and lunricate
52
Two portions of serous membranes
Visceral - covers organs Parietal.- lines cavities
53
Heart cavity band and membrane name
Cavity - pericardial Membrane - pericardium
54
Lung cavity name and membrane
Cavity- pleural Membrane - pleura
55
Abdomin cavity and membrane
Cavity - Peritoneal Membrane - peritoneum
56
Mesenteries
Double fold of visceral oeritoneum within the visceral organs. Protect and provide blood supply pathways
57
Retroperitoneal organs
Some abdominal organs not within the cavity but behind it attached to a wall - kidneys, pancreas. Adrenal glands

Anatomy (16 decks)

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