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Chapter 14 - Nervous system Functions Flashcards

1
Q

What are the two divisions of the senses?

A
  1. General Senses
  2. Special Senses

General senses are widely distributed, while special senses are localized.

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2
Q

What are the two subdivisions of General Senses?

A
  1. Somatic
  2. Visceral

Somatic senses deal with external interactions(pressure, temp, touch), while visceral senses focus on internal organ sensations. (Pain and pressure)

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3
Q

What types of information do Somatic Senses provide?

A

Information about the body’s interaction with the environment, such as pain, temperature, and touch.

Examples include feeling hurt, hot, or touched.

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4
Q

What types of information do Visceral Senses provide?

A

Information about internal organs, mostly pain and pressure.

Visceral senses monitor internal conditions.

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5
Q

What are the categories of Sensory Receptors?

A
  1. Mechanoreceptors
  2. Chemoreceptors
  3. Photoreceptors
  4. Nociceptors
  5. Thermoreceptors

Each type detects different stimuli.

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6
Q

What do Mechanoreceptors detect?

A

Touch, pressure, proprioception, hearing, and balance.

They respond to mechanical forces.

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7
Q

What do Chemoreceptors detect?

A

Smell and taste.

They respond to chemical stimuli.

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8
Q

What do Photoreceptors detect?

A

Vision (detect photons).

They are essential for light perception.

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9
Q

What do Nociceptors detect?

A

Pain.

They signal harmful stimuli.

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10
Q

What do Thermoreceptors detect?

A

Temperature.

They differentiate between warm and cold sensations.

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11
Q

Fill in the blank: Free Nerve Endings are _______.

A

simple, unspecialized, widespread.

They are involved in temperature (more cold receptors) and pain (respond to extreme hot or cold)

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12
Q

What do Merkel’s Disks sense?

A

Light touch.

They are associated with Merkel’s cells.

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13
Q

What do Hair Follicle Receptors detect?

A

Light touch due to bending of hair.

They are wrapped around hair follicles.

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14
Q

What are the three categories of sensory nerve endings based on their structure?

A
  1. Cutaneous Receptors
  2. Visceroreceptors
  3. Proprioreceptors

These categories reflect their location and function.

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15
Q

What do Cutaneous Receptors relay information about?

A

External environment.

They are associated with the skin.

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16
Q

What do Visceroreceptors relay information about?

A

Internal environment (organs).

They monitor internal conditions.

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17
Q

What do Proprioreceptors relay information about?

A

Body position (stretch, etc.).

They are found in joints, tendons, and muscles.

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18
Q

What do Pacinian Corpuscles detect?

A

Deep pressure, vibration & proprioception

Pacinian Corpuscles are located deep in the dermis.

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19
Q

Where are Meissner’s Corpuscles located, and what do they sense?

A

In dermal papillae; sense 2-point discrimination (useful in determing texture of objects)

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20
Q

What type of touch do Ruffini’s End Organs primarily sense?

A

Continuous touch/pressure

They are primarily found in the fingers.

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21
Q

What are Primary Receptors?

A

Receptors that generate an action potential when the receptor potential is high enough (most receptors are this category)

Primary receptors have axons.

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22
Q

How do Secondary Receptors differ from Primary Receptors?

A

They do not have axons and release neurotransmitters to nearby neurons

Seen in special senses

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23
Q

What is Adaptation (accommodation) in sensory receptors?

A

Decreased sensitivity to a continuous stimulus after prolonged exposure

An example is the decreased sensitivity to smells.

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24
Q

Differentiate between Tonic and Phasic Receptors.

A

Tonic receptors accommodate very slowly; phasic receptors accommodate rapidly

This distinction affects how we perceive continuous stimuli.

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25
What is the primary somatic sensory cortex responsible for?
Receives info regarding pain, pressure, temperature, etc. ## Footnote Located in the postcentral gyrus
26
What is the arrangement of the primary somatic sensory cortex?
Organized topographically in an inverted arrangement corresponding to areas of the body ## Footnote Known as the upside down homunculus
27
What does the size of regions in the somatic sensory cortex relate to?
The number of sensory receptors in that area of the body
28
Where is the taste area located?
Inferior end of the postcentral gyrus
29
Where is the olfactory area located?
Inferior surface of the frontal lobe
30
Where is the primary auditory area located?
Temporal lobe
31
Where is the visual cortex located?
Occipital lobe
32
What does projection mean in the context of sensory perception?
sensations in the cerebrum are perceived as though they were on the surface of the body
33
What are adjacent areas to the primary sensory areas called?
Association areas
34
What is the role of association areas?
Secondary to primary sensory are—Involve recognition of a particular sense and comparison with previous experiences. Can send info to frontal lobe to add emotion.
35
What is the somatic sensory association area located?
Just behind the somatic sensory cortex
36
What is the vision association area located?
Just in front of the visual cortex
37
What is the precentral gyrus responsible for?
Contains the primary motor cortex
38
How are movements initiated in the motor control areas?
About 30% are initiated in the primary motor cortex and another 30% in the premotor area
39
What is the function of the premotor area?
Sends information to the motor area and helps plan movements. “Staging area”
40
Where does the plan for movement originate?
From the prefrontal area
41
Fill in the blank: The primary motor cortex is arranged _______.
Upside down and contralaterally in a homunculus
42
True or False: Recognition of sensory input is important for making judgments about attention.
True
43
What is the role of the prefrontal area in the brain?
Involved with emotional behavior and mood; believed to be involved with aggression.
44
How do reflexes differ from voluntary movements?
Reflexes do not require conscious thought; voluntary movements are initiated with conscious thought.
45
What are the two types of motor neurons?
Upper motor neurons and lower motor neurons.
46
Where are the cell bodies for upper motor neurons located?
In the cerebral cortex and brainstem.
47
Where do lower motor neurons send their axons?
To the muscles through the peripheral nerves.
48
What disease tends to attack motor neurons?
Lou Gehrig's disease. ALS
49
What are the two classifications of motor nerve tracts?
Direct pathways and indirect pathways.
50
What is the purpose of direct pathways?
For fine motor skill and dexterity; conscious/voluntary. Directly from brain to lower motor neurons.
51
What is another name for direct pathways?
Pyramidal pathways.
52
What characterizes indirect pathways?
Unconscious, non-voluntary pathways for posture, balance, and coordination. Through various areas of the brain
53
What structures are involved in modifying and refining motor activities?
Basal nuclei and cerebellum.
54
Where are basal nuclei located?
In the inferior cerebrum, diencephalon, and midbrain.
55
What functions do basal nuclei support?
Planning, organizing, and coordinating movements.
56
What are the two main functions of the cerebellum?
* Oversees postural muscles to maintain balance * Programs and fine-tunes voluntary and involuntary movements ## Footnote The cerebellum is crucial for coordination and balance in both physical activities and learned muscle patterns.
57
What is a basal nuclei disorder?
Condition such as Parkinson's disease. ## Footnote Basal nuclei disorders often lead to motor control issues, including tremors and difficulty initiating movement.
58
What type of speech does Wernicke's Area relate to?
Sensory speech. ## Footnote Wernicke's Area is critical for understanding and formulating coherent speech.
59
What type of speech does Broca's Area relate to?
Motor speech. ## Footnote Broca's Area is essential for initiating complex movements required for speech.
60
What is aphasia?
Absent or defective speech or language comprehension. ## Footnote Aphasia can result from damage to language areas of the cerebral cortex, commonly due to stroke.
61
What causes receptive aphasia?
Lesion of Wernicke's Area. ## Footnote Receptive aphasia affects one's ability to understand spoken or written language.
62
What causes expressive aphasia?
Lesion to Broca's Area. ## Footnote Expressive aphasia impacts the ability to produce coherent speech.
63
What functions are associated with the left brain?
* Math * Speech * Logical thinking * Names of people * Vocabulary ## Footnote The left hemisphere is often associated with analytical and verbal tasks.
64
What functions are associated with the right brain?
* Music * Spatial relationships * Spatial perception * Recognition of faces ## Footnote The right hemisphere is typically linked to creative and intuitive tasks.
65
During what stage of sleep do dreams occur?
REM sleep (stage 1) ## Footnote REM sleep typically lasts for about 2 hours per night.
66
What effect does pulling an all-nighter have on memory consolidation?
Decreases the likelihood of putting info into long-term memory. ## Footnote Sleep is crucial for the consolidation of memories learned during the day.
67
What does EEG stand for?
Electroencephalogram
68
What type of brain waves are present in a normal awake person in a quiet, resting state?
Alpha waves
69
What type of brain waves indicate periods of intense concentration?
Beta waves
70
What type of brain waves usually occur in children or adults with brain disorders?
Theta waves (also at start of sleep)
71
What type of brain waves occur in deep sleep or in individuals with severe brain disorders?
Delta waves
72
What are the three types of memory?
* Sensory Memory (working) -task associated memory * Short Term Memory * Long Term Memory
73
What is the characteristic of Short Term Memory?
Limited by number of 'bits' of info (~7) that can be stored at one time. New info kicks old out.
74
What part of the brain helps transfer short term memory to long term memory?
Temporal lobe
75
What assists in the transfer of short term memory to long term memory?
Repetition
76
What are the two types of Long Term Memory?
* Explicit (Declarative) Memory * Implicit (Procedural) Memory
77
What does Explicit (Declarative) Memory retain?
Facts, such as names, dates, and places
78
Which brain structures are involved in accessing Explicit Memory?
* Hippocampus - memory retrieval * Amygdaloid - fear center
79
What does Implicit (Procedural) Memory involve?
Development of skills like dancing, bike riding, playing a guitar
80
Where is Implicit Memory primarily stored?
* Cerebellum * Premotor area of the cerebrum
81
What is long term potentiation?
Changes in neurons that facilitate future transmission of action potentials. ## Footnote It is a key process in converting short term memory into long term memory.
82
What is one anatomical effect of aging in the brain?
A reduction in the size and weight of the brain, largely occurring in the cerebral cortex. ## Footnote This reduction can impact cognitive functions.
83
How does aging affect the number of neurons in the brain?
The number of neurons is reduced. ## Footnote This decrease can have implications for overall brain function.
84
What happens to blood flow to the brain as a person ages?
Blood flow to the brain is reduced due to fatty acid deposits accumulating in the vessels. ## Footnote This can contribute to conditions such as arteriosclerosis and increased stroke incidences.
85
What is arteriosclerosis?
A condition associated with increased incidences of stroke due to reduced blood flow in the brain. ## Footnote It involves the thickening and hardening of the arterial walls.
86
What changes may occur in the synaptic organization of the brain as it ages?
Changes in synaptic organization may occur, with some texts suggesting connections decrease and others positing that connections increase to compensate for neuron loss. ## Footnote This topic remains controversial in neuroscience.
87
What types of changes occur in CNS neurons due to aging?
Intracellular and extracellular changes occur in the CNS neurons. ## Footnote These changes can affect neuronal communication and function.
88
What is the significance of the proper balance of neurotransmitters (NT's)?
It is important for mental health and imbalances are linked to conditions like depression, anxiety, and obsessive-compulsive disorder.
89
Which neurotransmitters are highlighted as important in the brain?
Serotonin, norepinephrine, dopamine
90
What role does serotonin play in mental health?
It regulates the sleep cycle and is important in depression and anxiety.
91
What unusual effect can too much serotonin have?
It may cause hallucinations.
92
What is the relationship between norepinephrine and feelings of exhilaration?
Drugs that stimulate norepinephrine release produce a feeling of exhilaration.
93
What is the effect of drugs that depress norepinephrine?
They cause feelings of depression.
94
What is the function of the enzyme MAO in relation to norepinephrine?
It breaks down norepinephrine in the presynaptic bouton.
95
What type of medication are MAO inhibitors?
They are prescribed as anti-depressant medication.
96
What condition is caused by inadequate amounts of dopamine?
Parkinson's disease.
97
What mental health condition is linked to excessive amounts of dopamine?
Schizophrenia.
98
What effect do amphetamines have on dopamine?
They stimulate dopamine secretion.
99
Fill in the blank: Many additive drugs increase _______ levels in the brain.
dopamine
100
What is the effect of drugs that depress norepinephrine?
They cause feelings of depression.
101
What is the function of the enzyme MAO in relation to norepinephrine?
It breaks down norepinephrine in the presynaptic bouton.
102
Sensory nerve tracts
6 ascending tracts Most originate in spinal cord Two carry conscious info 4 carry unconscious info
103
Steps for voluntary movement
Prefrontal are Promoter area Primary motor cortex
104
Comparative function
Compares movements being made with those intended
105
What connected the wernicke and broca areas
Arcuate fascuclus
106
What is jargon aphasia
Personal speaks fluently but unintelligibly
107
Consolidation in long term memory
Strengthening synaptic connections

Anatomy (16 decks)

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