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Anatomy > Lab 7 > Flashcards

Lab 7 Flashcards

1
Q

Central nervous system

A

The brain and spinal cord that interpret incoming sensory information and issue order

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2
Q

The peripheral nervous system

A

Cranial and spinal nerves. Ganglia, and sensory receptors which serve as communication lines to carry impulses to the CNs and from the cns

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3
Q

Two divisions of peripheral nervous system

A

Sensory (afferent)- nerve fibbers that conduct impulses toward the cns
Motor (efferent)- conducts impulses alway from
The cns

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4
Q

Two divisions of motor

A

Somatic- voluntary- skeletal muscles
Autonomic nervous system - involuntary, smooth muscle, cardiac and glands

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5
Q

Division of ANS

A

Sympathetic. - fight or flight
Parasympathetic - wine and dine

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7
Q

Gyri

A

The ridges of the brain

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8
Q

Sulci

A

The shallow grooves between the ridges on the brain and grooves in the spinal cord

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9
Q

Fissure

A

Deeper groove

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10
Q

Ganglia

A

A group of nerve cell bodies in the PNS that receueve and transmit nerve impulses between the peripheral and central

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11
Q

Nuclei

A

Cluster of nerve cells bodies in the CNS

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12
Q

White matter

A

Composed of nerve axons, or tracts, with their myelin sheets

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13
Q

Gray matter

A

Composed of nerve cell bodies and dendrites

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14
Q

Neuron IDs

A

Dendrite
Axon
Cell body
Myelin sheath
Nodes of ranvier
Presynaptic terminals

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15
Q

Nissl body

A

Elaborate type of broken up endoplasmix reticulum within the soma

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16
Q

Neuron

A

Major nervous tissue cells and the only one that carries action potentials

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17
Q

Neuroglial cells

A

Support the neutrons in some manner
Astrocytes
Ependymal cells
Microglia
Oligodendrocytes
Schwann cells

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18
Q

Astrocytes

A

Star shaped cells that wrap around and cover blood vessels and neurons- primarily responsible for forming the blood brain barrier

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19
Q

Ependymal cells

A

Line the ventricles in the brain and are responsible for producing CSF (cerebrospinal fluid)

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20
Q

Microglia

A

Involved in immune response. These respond to inflammation and phagocytize necrotic tissue and microorganisms

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21
Q

Oligodendrocytes

A

Wrap around axons of neurons to form the myelin sheath in the CNS
Can wrap around more axons at a time

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22
Q

Schwann cells

A

Wrap around axons of neurons to form the myelin sheath in the peripheral nervous system

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23
Q

Spinal cord

A

An extension of the brain stem in association with communication mostly involved with reflexes and transfer information up pathways to the brain and down to leave the CNS

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24
Q

Conus medullaris

A

Structure that the spinal cord ends up in. L1 or L2

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25
Q

Filum terminale

A

A string of pia matter that anchors the cord to the coccyx

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26
Denticulate ligaments
Lateral extensions of meninges which anchor the cord at the sides
27
Arachnoid and pia matter
28
Cauda equina p
31 pairs of spinal nerves arise from the spinal cord and exit through intervertebral foramina. The nerves that hang off the end of the spinal cord.
29
Gray matter
Inside spinal cord in a butterfly shape
30
Where is White matter in the spinal cord
Within the peripheral columns
31
Gray matter horns
Dorsal horns - posterior Ventral horns - anterior Lateral horns
32
Central canal
Open cancel in the center of the cord that contains CSF
33
Gray commissure
Around the canal in the spinal cord where fibers from One side of the cord would cross over to the other side
34
Dorsal root
Passageway for sensory neurons to end the cord in the posterior horn
35
Dorsal root ganglion
Enlarged structure that houses the cell bodies of sensory neurons in the posterior horn
36
Ventral root
Contains motor neurons exiting the spinal cord
37
Arrangement of white matter
Arranged in columns around gray matter — composed of ascending and descending tracts. Split in half by anterior median tissue and posterior median sulcus
38
Epideral space Dura Subdural Arachnoid Pia matter
39
Mixed nerves
Because the spinal cord contains both sensory and motor neurons
40
Splitting of nerves exiting the spinal cord
Split into dorsal and ventral rami
41
Dorsal rami
Serve the skin and muscles of the back of the body
42
Ventral rami
Supports all areas except the thoracic area
43
Plexus
Dorsal rami and central rami form complex network of nerves
44
What extends into the intercostal nerves
Thoracic ventral rami
45
What contains sensory neurons and what carries motor neurons
Dorsal constrains sensory central root carries motor
46
Plexuses
Cervical Brachial Lumbosacral
47
Cervical plexus
C1-c5 To supply nerves if the head and neck
48
Phrenic nerve
Major motor branch of cervical plexus which innervates the diaphragm to trigger breathing - at the bottom
49
A break in the spinal cord at the cervical plexus could cause
A lack of breathing and death Lung cancer can press on phrenic nerve
50
Brachial plexus
Arises from central rami of C5-T1, services the arm, and becomes five major peripheral nerves
51
Nerves in brachial plexus
Axillary Radial Median - middle of arm to wrist Ulnar - easiest to damage. Tingling down arm Musculotaneous
52
Lumbosacral
Largest. Serve the pelvic region of the trunk and limbs. Composed of lumbar plexus from L1-L4, and the sacral plexus from l4-S4.
53
Nerves in lumbosacral plexus
Femoral nerve Sciatic nerve- largest nerve in body and serves the entire leg
54
Carpal tunnel syndrome
Damage to the median nerve in the brachial plexus
55
Components of a reflex arc
Receptor - action potentials originate Sensory neuron - in through dorsal root Interneuron - in grey matter , excitatory or non Motor neuron - out to effector Effector
56
Monosynaptic reflex arc
Do not have interneurons — the neuron synapses directly onto the motor neuron
57
Polysynaptic reflex arc
Contains one or more interneurons
58
Most reflexes are
Spinal reflexes do not require involvement of the brain
59
Reflexes involving the brain
Superficial cord reflexes and papillary reflexes
60
Reflexes are categorized as
Autonomic (visceral) Somatic
61
Somatic reflexes
Stretch Crossed extensor Superficial cord
62
Babinski sign
Abnormal response to the plantar reflex where the toes flare and the large toe moves upward. Normal in babies bc nerves are not fully myelinated
63
Stretch reflex
Initiated by tapping a tendon, which stretched the muscle Good example is the patellar reflex
64
Crossed extensor reflex
Incorporated the withdrawal reflex with an extension of an opposite limb
65
Superficial cord reflexes
Initiated by stimulated if receptors in the skin and mucosal Ex. Plantar reflex where
66
Cranial nerve reflexes
Reflexes mediated by the cranial nerves — ex. Gag reflex
67
Autonomic reflexes
Pupillary reflex Salivary reflex
68
Autonomic reflexes
Autonomic (visceral) - mediated through the ANS - usually do not know they’re occurring— blood pressure, sweating
69
Somatic reflexes
involve stimulation of skeletal muscle by the somatic division of the nervous system
70
Pupillary reflex
Eye reflexes involving the optic nerve
71
What causes pupils to constrict
Parasympathetic branch of ANS
72
Salivary reflex
Salivary glands produces saliva causes by increased parasympathetic activity due to smells
73
Major nerves in Lumbosacral plexus
Femoral thag services the thigh Sciatic (largest in body) that serves the entire leg
74
What are pins and needles caused by
Compression on the sciatic nerve
75
When is the stretch reflex active and interactive
Undertone with peripheral damage Hyperactive with damage in descending tracts of spinal cord
76
What causes pupils to dilate in a dark room
Impulses from the sympathetic nervous system

Anatomy (16 decks)

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