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Anatomy > Chapter 3 > Flashcards

Chapter 3 Flashcards

1
Q

The cell is

A

The structural and functional unit of all living organisms

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2
Q

Cell theory

A

Schleiden and Schwanna in 1838
The cell is the basic unit of life
All organisms are composed of cells
All cells are derived from other cells

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3
Q

3 major areas of the cell

A

Cell membrane
Nucleus
Cytoplasm with its organelles

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4
Q

Father of the cell

A

Robert hook

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5
Q

What is the plasma membrane composed of

A

Mostly lipid, two major phospholipids and cholesterol

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6
Q

What controls fluidity of the plasma membrane

A

Cholesterol

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7
Q

Phospholipid bolster

A

Double layer producing hydrophilic heads and hydrophobic tails

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8
Q

Fluid mosaic model

A

Neither rigid nor static but dynamic and flexible. Self healing

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9
Q

Membrane potential

A

Cell membrane is polar as there is a separation of charge across it. Membrane potential is the separation of charge

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10
Q

Charge inside and outside the cell

A

Positive outside negative inside

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11
Q

Functions of plasma membrane

A

Regulates what enters and leaves the cell
Itneractions with other molecules occur at the plasmalemma
Delineates intracellular from extra cellular

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12
Q

two categories of proteins of the cell membrane

A

Peripheral/extrunsic or integral/intrinsic

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13
Q

Peripheral/extrunsic proteins

A

Attached to either the inner or outer membrane surface. Do not go all the way though the membrane

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14
Q

Integral/inteinsic proteins

A

Embedded throughout the membrane. Extend from one side to the other. Ex: channel proteins

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15
Q

Membrane proteins

A

Market molecules
Attachment proteins
Transport proteins - channel, carrier, pumps
Receptor molecules

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16
Q

Market molecules

A

Mostly glycolipids and glycoproteins - the carbohydrate portions stuck up on extracellular side of cell to allow for cell recognition
Ex- immunity, sperm, antigen markers

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17
Q

Attachment proteins

A

Proteins in the cell membrane that serve as attachment sites for other cells or extracellular molecules

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18
Q

Transport proteins

A

Allow ions or molecules to pass from one side of the membrane to the other down the gradient.

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19
Q

Three characteristics with regard to membrane support with transport proteins

A

Specificity (each carrier binds to only one molecule)
Competition (similar shape compounds might compete for site)
Saturation (rate is limited when all sites are filled)

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20
Q

Channel proteins

A

Like a tube stuck through the membrane to allow passage of ions or small molecules. Can be open or closed.

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21
Q

Nongated channels

A

Always open. Ions move down their gradient. Also called leak channels.

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22
Q

Gated channels

A

Open due to a stimulus
Ligand gated- open when a molecule binds
Voltage gated- open due to a change in charge

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23
Q

Carrier proteins

A

Move ions from one side to the other with a specific binding shape that changes shape to transport.

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24
Q

Pumps (atp powered)

A

Move ions or small molecules from one side of the other against their gradient. Ex. Na+/K+ pump

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25
Receptor molecules
Proteins that have molecules on the cell surface that bind a specific molecule. The molecule binding is called the messenger
26
High concentration of what inside the cell
Enzymes, proteins, glycogen, and potassium ions
27
High concentration outside the cell
Sodium, calcium and chloride ions
28
Passive membrane transport
Does not require atp and includes diffusion, osmosis, and facilitation diffusion.
29
Diffusion
Movement of solutes from an area of high concentration to an area of low across the membrane.
30
Diffusion
Movement of solutes from an area of high concentration to an area of low across the membrane.
31
Rate of diffusion influenced by
Magnitude of concentration gradient, temp of solution, the size of the diffusing molecules, and the viscosity of the solvent
32
Viscosity
Measure of how easily a liquid flows. Diffusion moves slower in higher viscosity
33
Osmosis
Diffusion of water across a selectively permeable membrane from an area of low solute to an area of high solute
34
Isosmotic
Solutions with same concentration of solute particles
35
Hypertonic solution
High concentration of solutes
36
Hypotonic solution
Low concentration of solutes
37
Crenation
Cell shrinks
38
Lysis
Cell swells
39
Facilitated diffusion
Mediated transport using carrier proteins to carry something down the concentration gradient and across. No atp required
40
Active transport
Transport requiring atp to move things against the gradient
41
Secondary active transport
Transport of ion out of cell setting up a gradient which is used to transport a different compound actoss
42
Vesicular transport
Bringing things in or out by vesicles Endocytosis And exocytosis
43
Endocytosis
Brings things in by pinching off membrane Phagocytosis: cell eating Pinocytosus: cell drinking
44
Exocytosis
Sending particulars out of the cell. These require energy
45
Cytoplasm makeup
Half organelles and half cytosol
46
What does the cytosol consist of
Fluid portion, cytoplasmic inclusions (aggregates of chemicals) and the cytoskeleton
47
Types of protein structures in cytoskeleton
Microtubules Actin filaments Intermediate filaments Supports and allows the cell to move and change shape
48
Ribosomes
Site of protein synthesis. Consist of rRNA and proteins.
49
Endoplasmic reticulum
Membranous pathways within cell Rough - ribosomes attached and site of protein synthesis for those destined for export of the sell. Transport system to golgi. Smooth - tubules where lipids are produced
50
Golgi apparatus
Flatted membranous sac which modify, package and distribute proteins and lipids for secretion out of the cell
51
Lysosome
Contain digestive enzyme and are used to digest ingested pathogens or dead organelles
52
Peroxisome
Membrane bound vesicles that detoxify harmful chemicals like alcohol
53
Mitochondria
Double membrane bound. Inner membrane is the crustae and the site of ATP production via the Krebs cycle. Has own DNA — can trace maternal heritage
54
Centrioles
Cylindrical organelles made of tubulin which are the center for formation of micro tubules. Used for cell division
55
Spindle fibers
Microtubules extending from centrioles to chromosomes, assists in separating chromosomes during mitosis
56
Cilia
Extensions of plasma membrane. These move materials over the surface
57
Flagellum
Extension of plasma membrane that functions for cell mobility. Ex. Sperm
58
Microvilli
Extensions of plasma membrane that act to increase surface area for absorption
59
Chromatin
In the nucleus. DNA + associated histones. Duplicates and condenses down to chromosomes prior to mitosis.
60
Nucleolus
Within the nucleus that is fhe site for rRNA synthesis
61
Triplet
Every three nucleotides on a dna strands and codes for a single amino acid in the protein to be made
62
Gene
All of the triplets that code for synthesis of a specific protein
63
Gene expression
The production of proteins from the code stored in dna
64
Parts of protein synthesis
Transcription then translation
65
Transcription
First step. Copy of dna recipe copied onto an mRNA molecule.
66
Translation
Occurs in cytoplasm at the ribosomes when the recipe on mRNA is translated and built with the help of tRNA
67
Codon
A group f three nucleotides on the mRNA that are complementary to the triplets
68
Ends transcription
Terminator sequence
69
Anticodon
Group of three nucleotides on tRNA that are complementary to those on the mRNA
70
Somatic
All cells in the body are somatic except for egg and sperm. Chromosomes exist in pairs (diploid state)
71
Germ cell
Egg and sperm Chromosomes exist singly (haploid state(
72
Meiosis
Specialized cell division in eggs and sperm where four daughter cells are formed, each with 1/2 the diploid number of chromosomes (only 24 chromosomes not in pairs)
73
How many chromosomes are in human somatic cells
46 chromosomes in 23 pairs
74
Father of genetics
Gregor Mendel
75
Mendelian genetics
Cornerstone of the study of how traits are passed from parents to offspring
76
Genotype
The genes an individual has for given traits
77
Phenotype
Expression of general
78
Alleles
alternative forms of genes
79
Autonomies
Number chromosomes
80
Karyotype
Display of entire chromosome makeup
81
Complete dominance
One allele masks the other
82
Incomplete dominance
Dominant allele does not completely mask
83
Codominance
Neither allele is completely dominant and both are expressed. Blood typing is an example of
84
Sex linked traits
Traits carried on the X or y chromosome. Hemophilia is an x-linked trait

Anatomy (16 decks)

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