Chapter 1

Question 1

It is a study of unusual behavior that could indicate a mental disorder

Answer 1

Abnormal Psychology

Question 2

What is a psychological disorder?

Answer 2

Problematic abnormal behavior, a psychological dysfunction within an individual, associated with distress or impairment in functioning, a response that is not typical or culturally expected

Question 3

What are the 4DS of Psychopathology, define it and give an example

Answer 3

Dysfunction
Distress
Deviance
Danger

Deviance is pagkakaiba, straying from normality
Sensei
maaaring may different weird intonation sa pagsasalita nya, may hindi normal sa paglalakad nya

things that you consider “normal” , malayo sya dun

distress is pagkabalisa, parang laging may kaaway, laging may problema

sumisigaw and so on

dysfunction is inability to function normally

example, they can’t tell time, they can’t answer simple questions, like “nasaan ka ngayon?” “aong oras na?” “anong pangalan mo?” “taga-saan ka”

things that should be simple to normal people, they can’t do that

last is danger, nananakit, nag-babanta, nang-haharass

if one of those manifests in a person, maaaring may abnormality sila, that is when you start to use DSM-5 TR (latest

Question 4

A college student suddenly experiences intense fear, racing heart, and sweating during a class without any warning. What type of onset is this an example of?

Answer 4

Acute onset

Question 5

A patient has been diagnosed with depression and anxiety at the same time. What psychological concept does this represent?

Answer 5

Comorbidity

Question 6

A person from a culture where hearing voices is part of a religious ritual is diagnosed with a disorder in another culture where this is considered abnormal. What should a mental health professional consider before diagnosing?

Answer 6

Cultural context (as emphasized by the DSM-5)

Question 7

An individual has mild depression that improves within 3 weeks without any treatment and does not return. What course of disorder is this?

Answer 7

Time-limited course

Question 8

A client reports sadness, fatigue, and hopelessness. The therapist notices the client also struggles to work and maintain relationships. Based on the 4 D’s, which two apply?

Answer 8

Distress and Dysfunction

Question 9

Which of the following is NOT part of the 4 D’s of Psychopathology?

A. Danger
B. Distress
C. Diagnosis
D. Deviance

Answer 9

C. Diagnosis

Question 10

What does ‘prevalence’ refer to?

A. Number of new cases in a population
B. Percentage of recovered patients
C. Existing number of active cases
D. Duration of a disorder

Answer 10

C. Existing number of active cases

Question 11

What term refers to the cause or origin of a psychological disorder?
A. Diagnosis
B. Etiology
C. Syndrome
D. Course

Answer 11

Etiology

Question 12

Which psychological model emphasizes rest, diet, and proper environment in treatment?
A. Psychoanalytic
B. Humanistic
C. John Grey’s Physical Model
D. Moral Therapy

Answer 12

C. John Grey’s Physical Model

Question 13

Who introduced the idea that mild electric shock to the head could help with memory loss?
A. Benjamin Rush
B. Philippe Pinel
C. Benjamin Franklin
D. Cerletti and Bini

Answer 13

C. Benjamin Franklin

Question 14

True or False: The DSM-5 ignores cultural differences when diagnosing disorders.

Answer 14

→ False. The DSM-5 considers cultural context to avoid misdiagnosis based on culturally expected behavior.

Question 15

True or False: An insidious onset refers to symptoms that appear suddenly.

Answer 15

→ False. Insidious onset means gradual development of symptoms over time.

Question 16

True or False: Prognosis refers to the likely outcome or course of a disorder.

Answer 16

→ True. Prognosis is the expected progression and recovery likelihood of a disorder.

Question 17

True or False: Equifinality means that multiple causes can lead to the same disorder.

Answer 17

→ True. Equifinality = many different paths leading to one outcome.

Question 18

True or False: A syndrome is a single symptom reported by the client.

Answer 18

→ False. A syndrome is a group of symptoms that occur together.

Question 19

True or False: The DSM-5 helps determine whether a behavior is a disorder by considering if it hurts the person or disrupts their life in a significant way.

Answer 19

True

Question 20

True or False: DSM-5 recognizes cultural differences, so what’s considered “abnormal” in one culture may not be in another.

Answer 20

True

Question 21

Define what Psychopathology is

Answer 21

This field of study focuses on understanding psychological disorders, including how they develop, how they manifest in people’s behavior, and how they can be treated or managed.

Question 22

What is the Scientist-Practitioner Method?

Answer 22

This is an approach where mental health professionals (psychologists, psychiatrists, etc.) are not just clinicians (people who treat disorders), but also researchers. They use scientific methods to:

Understand the nature of psychological disorders,

Investigate their causes, and

Explore effective treatments.

Question 23

It helps ensure that mental health practices are based on solid, evidence-based research, so treatments are both effective and grounded in the latest finding

Answer 23

Scientist-Practitioner method

Question 24

Mental Health Professionals & Their Roles:

Answer 24

Keeping up with scientific developments: Mental health professionals continually stay updated on the latest findings about psychological disorders and their treatments. This might include reading research articles, attending conferences, and taking part in professional development.

Evaluating their own practices: Professionals also regularly assess their own methods of diagnosing or treating clients. They review their treatments to see if they’re effective or need adjustment.

Conducting research: Many mental health professionals work in research settings (like hospitals or clinics), where they gather data on mental health disorders and their treatments. This research helps improve mental health practices over time.

Question 25

refers to how a disorder begins — when it starts and how quickly it develops. It helps describe the nature of the disorder's start:

Answer 25

Onset

Question 26

This means the symptoms appear rapidly and with little to no warning. It's like a sudden event that hits hard and fast, such as a panic attack or a severe episode of psychosis.

Answer 26

Acute or Sudden Onset:

Question 27

What kind of onset is when Someone suddenly experiences a panic attack out of nowhere, with no prior signs leading up to it.

Answer 27

Acute or Sudden Onset

Question 28

This means the symptoms develop slowly over time, often without the person noticing at first.

Answer 28

Insidious or Gradual Onset

Question 29

What kind of onset is this example: A person may experience depression that starts with small feelings of sadness or irritability, which gradually get worse over months or even years.

Answer 29

Insidious or Gradual Onset

Question 30

What is a prognosis?

Answer 30

The prognosis refers to the expected course or outcome of a disorder — how the condition is expected to evolve over time and whether it will get better, stay the same, or worsen. The prognosis helps predict how likely a person is to recover or manage their condition in the future.

Question 31

What is the difference between a bad/low/guarded prognosis and a good prognosis?

Answer 31

A low prognosis means the outlook for recovery is not good. The disorder may be chronic (long-lasting) or difficult to treat, and the person might experience ongoing challenges. For example, someone with a severe, treatment-resistant mental health condition like schizophrenia might have a low prognosis if their symptoms are poorly managed. While good prognosis means the chances of recovery or improvement are high. The individual is likely to respond well to treatment and has a favorable chance of recovering or managing their condition effectively. For example, someone with mild depression that responds well to therapy or medication may have a good prognosis for recovery.

Question 32

What is the meaning of DSM-5

Answer 32

Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders 5th Edition

Question 33

refers to the number of new cases of a disorder that appear during a specific time frame (like a month or a year).

Answer 33

Incidence

Question 34

Clinical Description

Answer 34

What makes a disorder different from normal

Question 35

Prevalence

Answer 35

How many people currently have the disorder

Question 36

the disorder tends to last a long time, sometimes a lifetime.

Answer 36

Chronic course

Question 37

Episodic course

Answer 37

the individual is likely to recover within a few months only to suffer a recurrence of the disorder at a later time. It may repeat throughout a person’s life.

Question 38

the disorder will improve without treatment in a relatively short period with little or no risk of recurrence.

Answer 38

Time-limited course

Question 39

this is often reported by the client.

Answer 39

Symptoms

Question 40

a group of symptoms.

Answer 40

Syndrome

Question 41

it involves identifying a specific disorder

Answer 41

Diagnosis

Question 42

means that a person has more than one disorder at the same time. It's the co-occurrence of two (or more) psychological disorders in the same individual.

Answer 42

Comorbidity

Question 43

The difference between unspecified and specified diagnosis

Answer 43

"Other Specified" and "Unspecified" diagnoses are used when a person shows significant symptoms of a disorder but does not meet the full criteria outlined in the DSM-5. The key difference between the two lies in whether or not the clinician explains the reason the criteria are not fully met. In an "Other Specified" diagnosis, the clinician does provide a specific reason why the case does not meet the full diagnostic criteria. This is typically used when the symptoms are clearly related to a known disorder but are missing one or two specific elements—such as the required duration or number of symptoms. For example, a person showing anxiety symptoms for only three months might be diagnosed with Other Specified Anxiety Disorder (short duration). On the other hand, an "Unspecified" diagnosis is used when the clinician either does not have enough information or chooses not to specify the reason for not meeting full criteria. This is common in emergency settings or early in assessment when the clinician needs more time or data. For example, a patient showing signs of a neurodevelopmental issue without a complete evaluation might receive an Unspecified Neurodevelopmental Disorder diagnosis. Both terms allow flexibility in diagnosis while still acknowledging the presence of significant mental health symptoms.

Question 44

What does the term Equifinality mean in developmental psychopathology?

Answer 44

Equifinality means that a psychological disorder or behavior can result from multiple different causes or pathways. It emphasizes that different individuals can experience the same disorder even if the reasons behind it are not the same.

Question 45

True or False: Psychological disorders do not have just one cause. They have many causes—these causes all interact with one another—and we must understand this interaction to appreciate fully the origins of psychological disorders.

Answer 45

True

Question 46

What does the principle of multifinality in developmental psychopathology imply?

Answer 46

Multifinality implies that a single cause or pathway can lead to multiple different outcomes. This highlights the complexity of psychological development, where similar experiences or risk factors may result in various psychological disorders or outcomes.

Question 47

What were the supernatural beliefs about demons and witches during the 14th century?

Answer 47

During the 14th century, many people believed that mental illnesses and abnormal behaviors were caused by supernatural forces such as demons and witches. These beliefs led to the idea that individuals suffering from mental disorders were either possessed or under the influence of evil forces, which sometimes resulted in harsh treatments like exorcisms or witch hunts.

Question 48

What is the Humoral Theory by Hippocrates and Galen, and how did it explain mental illness?

Answer 48

The Humoral Theory, developed by Hippocrates and later supported by Galen, posited that mental illness was caused by an imbalance in the body's four humors: blood, phlegm, yellow bile, and black bile. According to this theory, mental disorders resulted from an excess or deficiency of one or more of these humors, and treatment involved restoring balance through methods like diet, bloodletting, or purging.

Question 49

What is the Germ Theory by Louis Pasteur, and how did it change the understanding of diseases?

Answer 49

The Germ Theory, proposed by Louis Pasteur, states that many diseases, including some mental illnesses, are caused by microorganisms or pathogens such as bacteria and viruses. This theory revolutionized medicine by shifting the focus from humoral imbalances and supernatural causes to infections as the root cause of diseases, leading to the development of vaccines and antibiotics.

Question 50

What was John Grey’s view on the causes of insanity, and how did he propose treating the mentally ill?

Answer 50

John Grey believed that the causes of insanity were always physical, particularly issues with the brain. He argued that mentally ill patients should be treated as physically ill and advocated for treatments like rest, proper diet, and a comfortable room environment with good ventilation and temperature control to improve their condition.

Question 51

What was Manfred Sakel’s contribution to mental health treatment?

Answer 51

Manfred Sakel developed Insulin Shock Therapy in the 1930s, where patients were given insulin to induce comas, which was believed to help treat schizophrenia and other mental disorders.

Question 52

What did Benjamin Franklin discover regarding electric shock and its effects on the body?

Answer 52

Benjamin Franklin observed that a mild electric shock to the head could induce brief convulsions and memory loss, an early exploration into the potential effects of electrical stimulation on the brain.

Question 53

What was the contribution of Cerletti and Bini to mental health treatment?

Answer 53

Cerletti and Bini introduced Electroconvulsive Therapy (ECT) in the 1930s, using electrical currents to induce controlled seizures in patients, primarily for treating severe mental disorders like depression.

Question 54

What was the Moral Treatment of Patients, and who were its proponents?

Answer 54

Moral Treatment was an approach to mental health care that emphasized humane and compassionate treatment. Proponents like Philippe Pinel, Jean-Baptiste Pussin, William Tuke, Benjamin Rush, and Horace Mann advocated for treating patients with dignity, offering a structured, supportive environment instead of harsh confinement.

Question 55

Who were the key figures in psychoanalysis and hypnosis, and what did they contribute?

Answer 55

Franz Mesmer introduced hypnosis as a treatment method, while Freud, Klein, and others developed psychoanalysis, focusing on unconscious processes, early childhood experiences, and internal conflicts as causes of mental illness.

Question 56

Who were the main proponents of behaviorism, and what did they focus on?

Answer 56

Behaviorists like B.F. Skinner, John Watson, and Ivan Pavlov focused on observable behavior and the effects of learning and conditioning, rejecting introspection and emphasizing the environment’s role in shaping behavior.

Question 57

What is the Humanistic Approach, and who were its key theorists?

Answer 57

The Humanistic Approach, developed by Carl Rogers and Abraham Maslow, emphasizes personal growth, self-actualization, and the inherent goodness of people, focusing on individual potential and a supportive therapeutic environment.

Question 58

What is the modern scientific, integrative, and eclectic approach to psychology?

Answer 58

The modern approach combines various psychological theories and methods, using scientific research and an integrative perspective to understand and treat mental health, tailoring approaches based on individual needs.