Chapter 1 & 2 Flashcards
(95 cards)
1
Q
Microscopic Anatomy
A
structures that cannot be seen without magnification
2
Q
cytology
A
analyzes the internal structures of cells.
3
Q
histology
A
study of tissues.
4
Q
gross (macroscopic) anatomy
A
study of structures visible to the unaided eye.
5
Q
what are the three sub classes of gross anatomy?
A
surface, regional, systemic
6
Q
define surface anatomy
A
general form, morphology, superficial anatomical markings
7
Q
define regional anatomy
A
all structures in a specific area of the body
8
Q
Define systematic anatomy
A
study of anatomy one organ system at a time
9
Q
about how many cell types are there in the body?
A
around 200
10
Q
what are the four primary tissue types?
A
epithelial, connective, muscle, neural
11
Q
define epithelial
A
cells that cover an exposed surface or line an internal cavity or passageway
12
Q
Name three important characteristics of epithelial cells.
A
- cellularity is high
- all epithelial cells are avascular (permeable)
- they can regenerate fairly rapidly
13
Q
name three functions of epithelial cells
A
- provide physical protection
- epithelia control permeability
- contain nerve fibers and therefore provide sensation
14
Q
name the two classifications of epithelia
A
simple and stratified
15
Q
define simple epithelium
A
any lining that has only one layer of cells on the basal lamina
16
Q
define stratified epithelium
A
has several layers of cells on the basal lamina
17
Q
what is Squamous epithelium?
A
epithelium that has thin flat cell on the exposed surface
18
Q
simple squamous epithelium
A
most delicate epithelium in the body
19
Q
Pleura
A
lungs
20
Q
pericardium
A
heart
21
Q
Peritoneum
A
abdominal cavity
22
Q
endothelium
A
the lining of the heart and blood vessels
23
Q
stratified squamous epithelium
A
many cell layers thick and found in areas of the body most subject to mechanical and physical stress (surface of the skin)
24
Q
what is cuboid epithelium?
A
contain cells that are hexagonal with a height equal to their width. nuclei near the center of the cell
25
simple cuboid epithelium
provides limited protection but have great absorptive and secretory capabilities
26
stratified cuboid epithelium
rare epithelium found lining the largest ducts of a gland
27
transitional epithelia
stratified epithelium that stretches and changes shape due to the open space they surround expanding (found in urinary bladder)
28
Columnar epithelia
hexagonal cells whose height is usually 3-4 times their width. nuclei found near the basal surface
29
Simple columnar epithelia
provides good protection combined with excellent absorptive capacities (lines the stomach, intestinal tract, etc)
30
pseudostratified columnar epithelia
specialized columnar epithelium in which many cell types exist (cilia in the lungs**)
31
Stratified columnar epithelium
rare epithelium found in certain areas of the throat, urethra, anus and some excretory ducts
32
what are the three main components of connective tissues
Special, extracellular and ground substance
33
Matrix
extracellular component of connective tissue that is made up of the protein fiber and the ground substance
34
what are the three categories of connective tissues?
connective tissue proper, fluid connective tissue, supporting connective tissue
35
define connective tissue proper
contains varying cells and fibers in a syrupy ground substance
36
define fluid connective tissue
contains very special cells in a fluid ground like substance (blood and lymph)
37
define supporting connective tissue
one special cell type in a solid ground substance (bone and cartilage)
38
what are the two classes of connective tissue proper?
fixed cells and wandering cells
39
what are fixed cells?
stationary and are involved in the local maintenance of the CT cells
40
define fibroblasts
most numerous cells in CT proper. star shaped cells responsible for the productive of the fibers and ground substance in CT
41
fixed macrophages
large cells that function to phagocytize damaged tissue or pathogens that eter the tissue
42
adipocytes
energy storing cells. (fats)
43
mesenchymal cells
stem cells that remain dormant unless needed to repair injury to the tissue.
44
melanocytes
cells that produce a dark pigment called melanin
45
what are wandering cells
move from on tissue to another searching for damaged tissue and pathogens
46
define free macrophages
large phagocytic cells, called monocytes when in the blood stream
47
mast cells
small cell usually found near blood vessels. creates histamines
48
histamine does what?
causes increased blood flow and attracts free macrophages
49
heparin does what?
prevents excessive blood clotting
50
what are lymphocytes?
small, very special blood cells that travel the body to fight off infections
51
what are plasma cells
activated type of lymphocyte that releases antibodies that assist in fighting off pathogens
52
what are microphages?
smaller versions of the macrophages
53
what are three types of connective tissue fibers?
Collagen, reticular, elastic fibers (CRE)
54
define collagen fibers
very long, cylindrical fibers made up of three subunits coiled around one another
55
tensile strength
the property of being flexible but will not stretch (collagen)
56
what are reticular fibers?
single unit of collagen proteins
57
what are elastic fibers?
contain the protein elastin, can stretch up to 150% of their resting length and rebound back to their original form
58
what are loose connective tissues?
bodies packing materials. high amounts of ground substance.
59
where are loose connective tissues found?
between organs, surrounding blood vessels, under the epithelia
60
what are the three types of loose CT?
Areolar tissue, adipose tissue, reticular tissue
61
what are dense CT?
low ground substance. most of the volume of dense CT is the protein fibers, mostly collagen
62
name the two types of dense CT
Dense regular connective tissue, dense irregular connective tissue
63
what is dense regular CT?
tightly packed collagen fibers align in parallel to applied forces
64
name four structures dense regular CT is found
tendons, aponeuroses, elastic tissue and ligaments
65
what is dense irregular CT?
contains mostly collagen fibers, arranged in a meshwork rather than organized in parallel rows
66
name three locations where dense irregular CT is found
the dermins of the skin, surrounding cartilage and bone, surrounding internal organs as a fibrous capsule (liver, spleen, kidneys, cavities of joints)
67
what are fluid connective tissues?
very specific cells found in a fluid matrix.
68
name two types of fluid connective tissues
blood and plasma
69
what are three types of formed elements found in the blood?
red blood cells, white blood cells, platelets
70
what are red blood cells?
erythrocyte, anucleate cells which account for nearly half the volume of blood, carry oxygen
71
what are white blood cells
leukocyte, specialize in defense of the body
72
what are platelets?
membrane enclosed cell fragments that function in clotting the blood and closing up breaks in blood vessels
73
what is plasma?
one of three types of extra cellular fluids found in body, found inside blood vessels
74
what is lymph?
formed as interstitial fluid is collected into lymphatic vessels to be brought back to the blood vessels
75
what are supporting connective tissues?
provides the framework that supports the rest of the body.
76
what are the two types of supporting CT?
Cartilage and bone
77
what is cartilage?
firm gel and is dense in chondroitin sulfates.
78
the cells in cartilage are also called what?
CHONDROCYTES
79
what are the three types of cartilage?
Hyaline, elastic and fibrocartilage
80
what is hyaline cartilage?
most common, tough and flexible but the weakest of cartilage
81
where is hyaline cartilage found?
1. costal- between ribs and sternum
2. respiratory- along the conducting portion of the respiratory tract
3. articular- covering the ends of bones and joints.
82
what is elastic cartilage?
contains elastic fibers. found in the epiglottis, external ear, etc
83
what is fibrocartilage?
strongest of the cartilages. very little ground fiber, structure helps it resist compression, aabsorb shock, and prevent bone to bone damage, located between vertebrae, between the bones of the pelvis, and within a few joints.
84
what is periosteum?
a two layering covering for the bone tissue
85
what is osteoblasts?
inner layer of bones, relatively immature bone cells
86
what are membranes?
epithelia and CT combine to form membranes, protective structures that also have other functions.
87
what are the four types of membranes?
mucous, serous, cutaneous, synovial (Must See Cute Squirells)
88
Mucous membranes
wet membranes that line passage ways with a connection to the exterior
89
Serous membranes
line the ventral body cavity, no connection to the exterior
90
cutaneous
skin. think, dry, water-resistant membrane that covers the entire surface of the body
91
Synovial
consist mainly of areolar tissue with an incomplete layer of overlying squamous or cuboidal epithelium
92
what are three CT wrappings found in the body?
superficial fascia, deep fascia, subserous fascia
93
define superficial fascia
loose CT that separates the skin from underlying structures, allowing independent movement
94
define deep fascia
dense CT that surrounds and encases organs, bones and muscles
95
define subserous fascia
loose CT that seperates the serous membrane from the deep fascia around underlying muscles and bones.
