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Human Anatomy > Chapter 10, 11, 19 & 23 > Flashcards

Chapter 10, 11, 19 & 23 Flashcards

1
Q

temperomandibular joint

A

muscle that moves the mandible

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2
Q

Superficial muscles of the vertebrae move what?

A

the neck

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3
Q

the intermediate layer of muscles do what?

A

extends the vertebral column

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4
Q

the deepest layer consists of and does what?

A

intrinsic back muscles that interconnect the vertebrae

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5
Q

Sternocleidomastoid scalene

A

Each of a pair of long muscles that connect the sternum, clavicle, and mastoid process of the temporal bone and serve to turn and nod the head

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6
Q

a sprain is an injury to the

A

Legiments

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7
Q

a strain is an injury to the

A

muscle

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8
Q

external intercoastal muscles are

A

superficial

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9
Q

internal intercoastal muscles are

A

deep

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10
Q

the rectus abdominis muscle begins and ends where?

A

begins at the xiphoid process and ends near the pubic symbosis

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11
Q

what is the linea alba?

A

the rectus abdominal muscle is divided longitudinally by a median collagenuous partition which is called the linea alba

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12
Q

what are tendinous inscriptions?

A

bands of fibrous tissue that divide this muscle into 4 repeated segments

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13
Q

diaphragm

A

any muscular sheet that forms a wall

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14
Q

what are the muscles of the pelvic floor?

A

extends from that sacrum and the coccyx to the ischium and pubis

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15
Q

what are the three main functions of the pelvic floor?

A

support the organs of the pelvic activity, flex the joints of the sacrum and the coccyx, and controls the movement of materials through the urethra and anus

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16
Q

appendicular musculature is responsible for what?

A

stabilizing the pectoral and pelvic girdles and for moving the upper and lower limbs

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17
Q

lateral epicondylitis

A

tennis elbow

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18
Q

what are the three vastus muscles?

A

vastus lateralis, vastus medialis, vastus intermedius

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19
Q

what are the vastus muscles reponsible for?

A

cradling the rectus femoris muscle

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20
Q

osgood schlatter disease

A

irritation of the pattelar tendon at the tibial tuberosity

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21
Q

what are the three types of fascia?

A

superficial, deep, and subsesrous

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22
Q

superficial fascia is

A

a layer of areolar tissue deep to the skin

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23
Q

the deep fascia is

A

dense fibrous layer bound to capsules, periostea, epimysia, and other fibrous sheaths surrounding internal organs

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24
Q

subserous fascia

A

layer of areolar tissue seperating a serous membrane from adjacent structures

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25
retincula
band that fits around foot or wrist and holds all muscles and tendons in place
26
the deep fascia of the arm creates how many compartments?
2
27
what are these compartments?
anterior (biceps) and posterior (triceps)
28
the thigh can be divided into what compartments?
anterior, posterior, and medial
29
the tibia and fibula create how many compartments?
4
30
what are these four compartments?
anterior, lateral, superficial and deep
31
compartment syndrome
A condition resulting from increased pressure within a confined body space, esp. of the leg or forearm.treated with surgery
32
hormones do what?
alter the metabolic activities of many different tissues and organs simultaneously
33
the nervous system is ____ than the endocrine system
faster
34
endocrine happens
within the body
35
exocrine happens
outside of the body
36
the HPA axis includes
hypothalamus, pituitary and adrenal
37
hormones are organized into what four groups?
amino acid derivatives, peptide hormones, steroid hormones and eiconsanoids
38
what are amino acid derivatives?
relatively small molecules that are structurally similar to amino acids
39
what are peptide hormones?
chains of amino acids, largest group of hormones, all pituitary gland hormones are peptide hormones
40
what are steroid hormones?
derived from cholesterol, released by the reproductive organs and the adrenal glands
41
what are eiconsanoids?
small molecules with a five carbon ring at the end
42
what does the hypothalamus secrete?
regulatory hormones that control the activities of endocrine cells in the anterior lobe of the pituitary gland
43
what are releasing hormones?
stimulate production of one or more hormones at the anterior lobe of the pituitary gland
44
what are inhibiting hormones?
prevent the synthesis and secretion of specific pituitary hormones
45
the pituitary gland
most compact chemical factory in the body, lies inferior to the hypothalamus
46
how many importan peptide hormones are released?
nine
47
how many by the posterior lobe?
2
48
how many by the anterior lobe?
7
49
what hormones are released from the posterior lobe?
ADH and oxytocing
50
what is ADH responsible for?
decrease the amount of water lost at the kidneys, and causes the constriction of peripheral blood vessels
51
what is oxytocin?
helps give birth and stimulates breast milk
52
what are the seven hormones released by the anterior lobe of the pituitary gland?
thyroid stimulating hormone (TSH), adrenocorticotopic hormone (ACTH), Follicle stimulating hormone (FSH), Luteinizing hormone (LH), growth hormone (GH), Prolactin (PRL), and melanocyte stimulating hormone (MSH)
53
thyroid stimulating hormone
triggers the release of thyroid hormones
54
Adrenocorticotropic hormone:
stimulates the release of steroid hormones by the adrenal gland, affects glucose metabolism
55
follicle stimulating hormone
promotes the development of female gametes with the ovaries of mature women, in men FSH secretion supports sperm production in the testes
56
luteinizing hormone
induces ovulation in women and pormotes the ovarian secretion of pregestins that prepare the body for possible pregnany. in men LSH stimulates the production of male sex hormones (androgens)
57
gonadotropins
FSH and LH because they regulate the activities of the male and female sex organs
58
Growth Hormone
stimulates cell growth and replication by accelerating the rate of protein synthesis
59
Prolactin
stimulates the production of mammary glands and the production of milk
60
melanocyte stimulating hormone
the only hormone released by the pars intermedia, stimulates the melanocytes of the skin
61
what are C cells?
parafollicular cells that produce the hormone calcitonin
62
how does calcitonin lower calcium concentrations?
inhibits osteoclasts, stimulates calcium ion excretion at the kidneys
63
parathyroid glands are
located on the posterior surfaces of the thyroid gland. four, ea sized and reddish brownish
64
what are the two types of cells in the parathyroid gland?
principle cells and immature principle cells
65
what are the three main functions of the parathyroid hormone?
stimulates osteoclasts and oateoblasts, produces urinary excretion of calcium ions, and stimulates the production of calcitriol
66
hyperthyroidism
graves disease,
67
what is the thymus?
produces several hormones that are important to the development and maintenance of normal immunological defenses
68
adrenal gland
attached to the superior border of each kidney by a dense fibrous capsule
69
what are the two regions of the adrenal gland?
superficial adrenal cortex and the inner adrenal medulla
70
what does the adrenal cortex produce?
more than two dozen different steroid hormones collectively called corticosteroids
71
what is the zona glumerulosa?
the outer most cortical region, produces mineralocorticoids
72
what is aldosterone?
the principal mineralocorticoid
73
what are the two major functions of the aldosterone?
targets kidney cells that regulate the ionic composition of the urine and reduces sodium and water loses at the sweat glands and salivary glands
74
what is the zona fasciculata?
begins at the inner border of the zona glomerulosa and extends toward the medulla
75
what is the zona reticularis
narrow band between the zona fasciculata and the outer border of the adrenal medulla. secretes small amounts of sex hormones called androgens
76
the adrenal medulla contains two populations of endocrine cells called what?
epinephrine and norepinephrine
77
what do the kidneys produce\?
renin and erythropoietin (a peptide) and calcitriol ( a steroid)
78
what does erythropoietin do?
stimulates red blood cell production by the bone marrow. increases the blood volume and its oxygen carrying capacity
79
what is calcitriol?
steroid hormone secreted by the kidney in response to the presence of PTH, stimulates calcium and phosphate ion absorption along the digestional tract
80
cardiac muscle cells produce what?>
artial natriuretic peptide and brain natriuretic peptide
81
the pancreas is what
mixed gland with both exocrine and endocrine activities
82
each inslet of the pancreas contains what?
alpha cells, beta cells, delta cells and F cells
83
alpha cells produce
the hormone glucagon
84
beta cells produce
the hormone insulin
85
delta cells
produce the hormone somatostatin
86
F cells produce
the hormone pancreatic polypeptide
87
the pineal gland is part of the
epithalamus

Human Anatomy (19 decks)

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