Chapter 5 Skeletal System

Question 1

Name the five functions of the Skeletal system

Answer 1

support, storage of minerals (Calcium salts), Blood cell production, Protection, leverage

Question 2

what is periosteum?

Answer 2

fibrous outer covering of the bone

Question 3

what is endosteum?

Answer 3

simple cubodial epithelium lining the inside of the marrow cavity

Question 4

The matrix of the bone is made up of what?

Answer 4

2/3 calcium phosphate and 1/3 collagen fibers

Question 5

cells make up what percentage of bone tissue?

Answer 5

2-3%

Question 6

Osteocytes are?

Answer 6

mature cells of bone tissue, basic content of bone

Question 7

osteoblasts are?

Answer 7

active cells found on the bones inner and outer surffaces (Build up bones)

Question 8

osteoprogenitor cells are found where?

Answer 8

in the periosteum and endosteum of the bone (mesenchymal cells)

Question 9

Osteoclasts are?

Answer 9

giant multinucleated cells that perform osteolysis (dissolve bone matrix)

Question 10

what happens if osteoclasts are more active?

Answer 10

the bone becomes weaker and blood calcium levels rise

Question 11

compact bone is?

Answer 11

relatively dense and solid tissue that makes up the walls of most bones

Question 12

spongy bone is?

Answer 12

an airy tissue made up of interconnected struts and plates of bone tissue

Question 13

what is the cortex?

Answer 13

(outer region) of a typical bone is primarily compact bone

Question 14

A long bone is divided into what three regions?

Answer 14

Epiphyses, diaphysis, metaphysis.

Question 15

what is the epiphyses?

Answer 15

ends of long bones. filled with spongy bone

Question 16

what is diaphysis?

Answer 16

the shaft. compact bone collar that resists tension and compression along the axis of the bone

Question 17

what is the medullary cavity?

Answer 17

space in the shaft that contains the yellow marrow, which is the fat storage marrow

Question 18

what is the metaphysis?

Answer 18

the connecting region between the epiphysis and diaphysis

Question 19

what are the functions of the periosteum?

Answer 19

isolates and protects the bones from surrounding tissues, provides a route and a place for attachment for circulatory and nervous supply, actively participates in bone growth and repair, attaches the bone to the connective tissue network of the deep fascia.

Question 20

what are the two layers of the periosteum?

Answer 20

fibrous layer (outer; contains fibroblasts)and cambium layer (AKA osteogenic layer)

Question 21

before 6 weeks of development the framework of the body is what?

Answer 21

mesenchyme and cartilage

Question 22

what is osteogenesis?

Answer 22

bone formation. the result of ossification

Question 23

what is ossification?

Answer 23

bone replacing existing tissue

Question 24

what is calcification?

Answer 24

process of depositing calcium salts into tissues, and is part of the ossification process

Question 25

what are the two types of ossification?

Answer 25

intramembranous and endochondral

Question 26

what is intramembranous ossification?

Answer 26

process of converting fibrous CT into bone

Question 27

what is endochondral ossification?

Answer 27

formation of bone from a hyaline cartilage modeled that has already formed by 6 weeks of gestation

Question 28

what is nociceptor?

Answer 28

pain receptors

Question 29

what does the parathyroid (PTH) hormone do?

Answer 29

acts to increase overall availability of calcium ions in the blood.

Question 30

what is calcitonin?

Answer 30

the antagonist of PTH found in children and pregnant women

Question 31

what are growth hormoes and thyroxines?

Answer 31

thyroid hormones that increase osteoblast activity.

Question 32

what are the six bone classifications?

Answer 32

long bones, flat bones, sutural bones, irregular bones, short bones, sesamoid bones