Chapter 1

Question 1

We envision that OT is a powerful, widely recognized, science-driven, and evidence-based profession with a globally connected and diverse workforce meeting society’s occupational needs.

Answer 1

centennial vision

Question 2

Centennial vision’s 6 practice areas:

Answer 2

1. Children and youth
2. Productive aging
3. Mental health
4. Rehabilitation, work, and industry
5. Disabilities and participation
6. Health and wellness

Question 3

This was established in 1914 in New York by George Barton, who was disabled by tuberculosis and a foot amputation.

Answer 3

Consolation house

Question 4

In 1915, Eleanor Clarke Slagle developed a program to provide persons with mental or physical disabilities an opportunity to work and become self-sufficient. Where was this project located?

Answer 4

Hull House in Chicago

Question 5

In 1938, who emphasized the need to follow patients into the community after discharge from the institution?

Answer 5

Banyai

Question 6

In the 1970’s and 80’s, examples of outreach in the community were:

Answer 6

• independent living project for the elderly
• San Francisco project for pregnant teenage girls
• prevention services for the well elderly

Question 7

Three major obstacles to community based practice in the 70’s and 80’s:

Answer 7

• practical constraints
• historical factors within the discipline
• gaps in knowledge and theory related to community based practice

Question 8

In 1968, this physician strongly supported the validity of occupational therapy services in the community.

Answer 8

Bockhoven

Question 9

Finn, in the 1971 Eleanor Clarke Slagle lecture stated “Occupational therapists are being asked to move beyond the role of therapist to that of ______ ______.”

Answer 9

Health agent

Question 10

The ability to realize aspirations, to satisfy needs, and to change or cope with the environment.

Answer 10

Health

Question 11

A social unit in which there is a transaction of common life among the people making up the unit.

Answer 11

community

Question 12

Includes a broad range of health-related services: prevention and health promotion, acute and chronic medical care, habilitation and rehabilitation, and direct and indirect service provision, all of which are provided in community settings.

Answer 12

community-based practice

Question 13

Any combination of educational and social supports for people taking greater control of, and improving their own or the health of a geographically defined area.

Answer 13

community health promotion

Question 14

Attempt to modify the socio-cultural, political, economic and environmental context of the community to achieve health goals

Answer 14

community level interventions

Question 15

These are often generated by leaders and members of the community and typically utilize existing community resources.

Answer 15

Community centered initiatives/interventions

Question 16

True or false: Occupational therapists in community settings earn less than their counterparts in more traditional settings.

Answer 16

False- the median salary for occupational therapists in community settings was actually more than the median salary of occupational therapists across all settings.

Question 17

West described 4 emerging roles that in 1967 were adding new dimensions to the traditional role of the clinically based occupational therapist. What are they?

Answer 17

Evaluator
Consultant
Supervisor
Researcher

Question 18

This person provides input and shapes legislation and government policies

Answer 18

community health advocate

Question 19

This person helps others solve existing or potential problems by identifying and analyzing issues, developing strategies to address problems and preventing future problems from occurring.

Answer 19

consultant

Question 20

This person ensures access to community services and resources. They may also assist in the development of independent living skills.

Answer 20

case manager

Question 21

This is a person who organizes a business venture, manages its operation, and assumes the risks associated with the business.

Answer 21

private practice owner/entrepreneur

Question 22

This person ensures safe and effective delivery of occupational therapy services and foster professional competence and development.

Answer 22

supervisor

Question 23

This person is responsible for the overall design, development, function, and evaluation of a program; budgeting; and staff hiring and supervision.

Answer 23

program manager

Question 24

Competencies and characteristics classified into these 5 categories used in AOTA standards for continuing competence

Answer 24

1. Knowledge required for multiple roles
2. Critical reasoning necessary for decision making in those roles
3. Interpersonal abilities to establish effective relationships with others.
4. Performance skills and proficiencies for practice
5. Ethical reasoning for responsible decision making

Question 25

A 6th category added to AOTA Standards for Continuing Competence.

Answer 25

Traits, qualities, and characteristics

Question 26

These following attributes and skills are recommended for those contemplating practice in community settings.

Answer 26

• Comfort with indirect service provision
• Grant-writing skills
• Networking skills
• Organizational skills
• Professional autonomy
• Program planning and evaluation skills
• Public relations skills

Question 27

A conceptual framework that allows explanation and investigation of phenomena. A university recognized scientific achievements that for a time provide model problems and solutions to a community of practitioners.

Answer 27

paradigm

Question 28

When a discipline abandons one view of the world for another, it has undergone a revolution, a drastic conceptual restructuring called what?

Answer 28

paradigm shift

Question 29

Paradigm shifts occur in 4 stages:

Answer 29

preparadigm
paradigm
crisis
return to paradigm

Question 30

Competencies and Characteristics needed for emerging practice areas.

Answer 30

See box 1-1 on p. 9

Question 31

The first paradigm crisis is evident in 1950’s when increasing pressure from medicine to be more ____ led to the question of the paradigm of occupation.

Answer 31

scientific

Question 32

Occupational therapy practice aligned itself more closely with the medical model and adopted the medical paradigm of _____

Answer 32

Reductionism

Question 33

Another term for reductionistic paradigm of the 1960’s

Answer 33

mechanistic

Question 34

In the 1970’s practitioners dropped “______” from therapy in favor of exercise, talk groups, specialized treatment techniques, and modalities.

Answer 34

occupations

Question 35

The reductionistic, or mechanistic, paradigm was not and is not altogether negative. What new items emerged from this approach?

Answer 35

New assistive devices and technology, new techniques (SI and neurodevelopmental treatment), and a greater respect from the medical community

Question 36

Kielhofner suggests a new paradigm is emerging that does what?

Answer 36

Recommits itself to the core construct of occupation and attempts to regain the profession’s identity and holistic orientation.

Question 37

In community settings, OT’s must modify terminology from PATIENT to what?

Answer 37

client

Question 38

In community settings, OT’s must modify terminology from TREATMENT to what?

Answer 38

Intervention

Question 39

In community settings, OT’s must modify terminology from REIMBURSEMENT to what?

Answer 39

Funding

Question 40

In this paradigm, professionals need to relinquish responsibility, power, and control to the recipient of services, client, or community member.

Answer 40

community practice

Question 41

In the community, professionals function as facilitators whose role is to build and reinforce capacity and develop leadership in others. This requires what?

Answer 41

Humility
Ability to share successes with others
Patience

Question 42

This approach focuses on the issues that are most important to the person and his or her family.

Answer 42

Client-centered approach

Question 43

This looks at the world in terms of the inter-relatedness and interdependence of all phenomenon, and in this framework in integrated whole whose properties cannot be reduced to those of its parts

Answer 43

systems theory

Question 44

complete interconnectedness

Answer 44

dynamic systems

Question 45

When subsystems settle into preferred, although not predictable patterns

Answer 45

attractor states

Question 46

The relation of elements to one another when they are unranked, or when they possess the potential for being ranked in a number of different ways.

Answer 46

heterarchy

Question 47

This approach recognizes the complexity of the social history of health and provides a framework for assessment and intervention at various levels of systems, including individual, interpersonal, organizational, community, and public policy levels.

Answer 47

dynamical systems approach

Question 48

This approach considers the client embedded in and interacting with a variety of environments and contexts.

Answer 48

ecological approach

Question 49

This approach is based on what the client can do- assets, talents, resources, and capabilities.

Answer 49

strengths-based

Question 50

Development of strengths is a 3 step process:

Answer 50

1. Identify strengths and talents
2. Incorporate strengths and talents into the client’s view of himself or herself
3. Change behavior