Chapter 1

Question 1

organisms that are too small to be seen with the unaided eye

Answer 1

microorganisms

Question 2

a rapidly growing cell.

Answer 2

germ

Question 3

Decompose organic waste
Are producers in the ecosystem by photosynthesis
Produce industrial chemicals such as ethyl alcohol and acetone
Produce fermented foods such as vinegar, cheese, and bread
Produce products used in manufacturing (e.g., cellulase) and treatment (e.g., insulin) by using genetic engineering
Designer Jeans? (read applications of microbiology in page 3)
A few are pathogenic, disease-causing

Answer 3

microorganisms

Question 4

The knowledge of \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_
Allows humans to
	Prevent food spoilage
	Prevent disease occurrence
Led to aseptic techniques to prevent contamination in medicine and in microbiology laboratories.

Answer 4

microorganisms

Question 5

What are the 3 domains of living organisms?

Answer 5

Bacteria
Archaea
Eukarya

Question 6

What has a peptidoglycan cell wall?

Answer 6

Bacteria

Question 7

What does not have a peptidoglycan cell wall?

Answer 7

Archaea

Question 8

These are examples of what?
Protists (slime molds, protozoa, algae)
Fungi (yeast, molds, mushrooms)
Plants (mosses, ferns, conifers, flowering plants)
Animals (sponges, worms, insects, vertebrates)

Answer 8

Eukarya

Question 9

_______ established the system of scientific nomenclature.

Answer 9

Linnaeus

Question 10

Each organism has two names: ________ and _______

Answer 10

the genus and species.

Question 11

scientific names are:

Answer 11

are italicized or underlined. The genus is
capitalized and the species is written in lower case.
are “Latinized” and used worldwide.
may be descriptive or honor a scientist.

Question 12

Describes the clustered arrangement of the cells (staphylo-) and the golden color of the colonies.

Answer 12

Staphylococcus aureus

Question 13

Honors the discoverer, Theodor Eshcerich, and describes the bacterium’s habitat, the large intestine or colon.

Answer 13

Escherichia coli

Question 14

After the first use, scientific names may be abbreviated with the first letter of the genus and the species name:

examples are:

Answer 14

Staphylococcus aureus and Esherichia coli are found in the human body. S. aureus is on skin and E. coli, in the large intestine

Question 15

Prokaryotes
Peptidoglycan (dimer of a disaccharide)cell walls
Binary fission
For energy, use organic chemicals, inorganic chemicals, or photosynthesis
Many can “swim” using flagella

Answer 15

bacteria

Question 16

true nucleus

Answer 16

eukarya

Question 17

no nucleus

Answer 17

bacteria and archaea

Question 18

Prokaryotes
Lack peptidoglycan
Binary fission
Non pathogenic
Live in extreme environments
Include:
Methanogens (methane)
Extreme halophiles (salt)
Extreme thermophiles (temperature)

Answer 18

archaea

Question 19

Eukaryotes
Chitin cell walls
Use organic chemicals for energy
Molds and mushrooms are multicellular consisting of masses of mycelia, which are composed of filaments called hyphae
Yeasts are unicellular

Answer 19

Fungi

Question 20

Eukaryotes nucleus or no nucleus?

Answer 20

nucleus

Question 21

Eukaryotes
Absorb or ingest organic chemicals
May be motile via pseudopods, cilia, or flagella
Reproduce sexually or asexually

Answer 21

protozoa

Question 22

American Trypanosomiasis (Chagas’ Disease)
African Trypanosomiasis (Sleeping sickness)

are examples of what?

Answer 22

Protozoan Blood Parasite

Question 23

Cause by Trypanosoma cruzi
Epidemiology: Southern Texas, Mexico, Central and South America
Occurence: 40-50% of the population in rural South America
Reservoir: rodents, opossums, armadillos
Vector: Reduviid bug (kissing bug)
Disease: damage nerves controlling eosophagus and colon; these will get enlarge and stop transporting food
Treatment: blood transfussion, available drugs have side effects

Answer 23

American Trypanosomiasis (Chagas’ Disease)

Question 24

Eukaryotes
Cellulose cell walls
Use photosynthesis for energy
Produce molecular oxygen and organic compounds

Answer 24

algae

Question 25

``` Acellular (not a real cell) Consist of DNA or RNA core Core is surrounded by a protein coat Coat may be enclosed in a lipid envelope Viruses are replicated only when they are in a living host cell ```

Answer 25

Viruses

Question 26

Eukaryote Multicellular animals Parasitic flatworms and round worms are called helminths. Microscopic stages in life cycles.

Answer 26

Mulitcellular Animal Parasites

Question 27

Classification of microorganisms

Answer 27

``` Three domains Bacteria (cell wall – peptidoglycan) Archaea (cell wall – no peptidoglycan) Eukarya Protists (slime molds, protozoa, algae) Fungi (yeast, molds, mushrooms) Animals (parasitic worms) ```

Question 28

who described live microorganisms that he observed in teeth scrapings, rain water, and peppercorn infusions. 1673-1723

Answer 28

Antoni van Leeuwenhoek

Question 29

``` 1857-1914 Fermentation Pasteurization Koch’s postulates Vaccination Synthetic drugs Antibiotics Dream of a “magic bullet” ```

Answer 29

"The golden age of microbiology"

Question 30

is the study of bacteria

Answer 30

bacteriology

Question 31

is the study of fungi.

Answer 31

mycology

Question 32

is the study of protozoa and parasitic worms.

Answer 32

parasitology

Question 33

the study of an organism’s genes, that has provided new tools for classifying microorganisms

Answer 33

genomics

Question 34

is the study of immunity. Vaccines and interferons are being investigated to prevent and cure viral diseases

Answer 34

Immunology

Question 35

is the study of viruses

Answer 35

virology

Question 36

Recombinant DNA is DNA made from two different sources. This involves microbial genetics and molecular biology.

Answer 36

Recombinant DNA technology or genetic engineering

Question 37

the use of microbes to produce foods and chemicals, is centuries old.

Answer 37

biotechnology

Question 38

is a new technique for biotechnology. Through genetic engineering, bacteria and fungi can produce a variety of proteins including vaccines and enzymes.

Answer 38

genetic engineering

Question 39

is important in treating many genetic disorders; missing or defective genes in human cells can be replaced in gene therapy.

Answer 39

gene therapy

Question 40

are used to protect crops from insects, droughts, freezing and microbial diseases.

Answer 40

genetically modified bacteria

Question 41

( the study of the relationship between microorganisms and their environments)

Answer 41

microbial ecology

Question 42

________ can recycle carbon, nitrogen, sulfur, and phosphorus that can be used by plants and animals

Answer 42

Bacteria

Question 43

Microbes can be used to recycle used water during __________

Answer 43

sewage treatment

Question 44

Bacteria degrade organic matter in sewage. | Bacteria degrade or detoxify pollutants such as oil and mercury

Answer 44

bioremediation

Question 45

______________________ are Microbes that are pathogenic to insects are alternatives to chemical pesticides to prevent insect damage to agricultural crops and disease transmission. Bacillus thuringiensis infections are fatal in many insects but harmless to other animals including humans and to plants.

Answer 45

biological insecticides

Question 46

surface of human tongue, intestines, skin Microbes normally present in and on the human body are called __________ produce growth factors such as folic acid and vitamin K. prevent growth of pathogens.

Answer 46

normal microbiota

Question 47

protect our mucous membranes from pathogens, but can be harmful when found on surfaces like catheters are produced when microorganisms attach to each other and/or to a solid surface; surface of teeth

Answer 47

biofilms

Question 48

is the ability of the body to ward off disease.

Answer 48

resistance

Question 49

include skin, stomach acid, and antimicrobial chemicals such as interferons and normal microbiota.

Answer 49

resistance factors When a pathogen overcomes the host’s resistance, disease results.