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Microbiology > Chapter 4 > Flashcards

Chapter 4 Flashcards

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1
Q 
One circular chromosome, not in a membrane
NO TRUE NUCLEUS
No histones
No organelles
PEPTIDOGLYCAN cell walls
Binary fission
A

Prokaryote

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2
Q 
Paired chromosomes, in nuclear membrane
TRUE NUCLEUS
Histones (chromosomal proteins)
Organelles
POLYSACCHARIDE cell walls
Mitosis
A

Eurkaoyte

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3
Q

Average size of bacteria

A

0.2 -1.0 µm X 2 - 8 µm

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4
Q

Basic shapes (morphology): bacteria

A

coccus, bacillus,spirillia

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5
Q

Unusual shapes of bacteria

A

Star-shaped

Square shaped

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6
Q

normal shape of bacteria

A

monomorphic

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7
Q

Arrangement come in what types

A

pairs (2), Tetrads (4), Sacinae (8), clusters, chains

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8
Q

Structures outside of the cell wall

A 
Glycocalyx
Flagella
Axial filaments
Fimbriae
Pili
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9
Q 
sticky
found outside the wall of some bacteria
A slime layer is unorganized & loose
Extracellular polysaccharide 
Capsules prevent phagocytosis, therefore, important in virulence or the disease causing ability of the bacteria
A

Glycocalyx

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10
Q

Help bacteria to move from one place to another (motility)

found outside cell wall

A

Flagella

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11
Q

Rotate flagella to run or tumble
Move toward or away from stimuli (taxis)
Flagella proteins are H antigens

A

Motile Cells

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12
Q

Endoflagella (these are not real flagella)
In spirochetes
Anchored at one end of a cell
Rotation causes cell to move

A

Axial Filaments

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13
Q

__allow attachment, important in pathogenesity

A

Fimbriae

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14
Q

__are used to transfer DNA from one cell to another

A

pili

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15
Q

Prevents osmotic lysis (water break apart)

Made of peptidoglycan (in bacteria)

A

Cell wall

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16
Q

Polymer of disaccharideN-acetylglucosamine (NAG) & N-acetylmuramic acid (NAM)
Linked by polypeptides

A

Peptidoglycan

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17
Q

Thick Peptidoglycan

No outer membrane

A

Gram positive cell wall

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18
Q

Thin Peptidoglycan

Outer membrane

A

Gram negative cell wall

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19
Q

There are 2 types

  1. Lipoteichoic acid links to plasma membrane
  2. Wall teichoic acid links to peptidoglycan

may regulate cell growth and movement of cations

- prevent cell wall break down or lysis
- provides antigenic variation
A

Teichoic acids

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20
Q

Made out of lipopolysaccharides, lipoproteins, phospholipids.
Provide protection from phagocytes, complement, and antibiotics.
O polysaccharide antigen,
Lipid A is an endotoxin.
Porins (proteins) form channels through membrane

A

Gram negative outer membrane

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21
Q

Crystal violet-iodine crystals form in cell
Alcohol dehydrates peptidoglycan
CV-I crystals do not leave (purple)
Safranin cannot go in the cell

A

Gram positive

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22
Q

Crystal violet-iodine crystals form in cell
Alcohol dissolves outer membrane and leaves holes in the thin peptidoglycan
CV-I washes out
Safranin can go in the cell (red)

A

Gram negative

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23
Q

Damages what cell
bacteria are more susceptible to Penicillin and many antibiotics
Lysozyme (digestive enzyme) digests disaccharide in peptidoglycan.
bacteria are more vulnerable since they have a thick peptidoglycan layer.

Study These Flashcards
A

Gram positive

24
Q

bacteria are more resistant to Penicillin and many antibiotics since they have the outer membrane

Study These Flashcards
A

Gram negaitive

25
Made out of Phospholipid bilayer Peripheral proteins Integral ptoteins
Plasma membrane
26
attach to one side of the membrane
Peripheral proteins
27
runs through both phospholipid layers, penetrate the membrane completely
Integral Proteins
28
Membrane is as viscous as olive oil. Proteins move to function Phospholipids rotate and move laterally Membrane (fluid) is as viscous as olive oil. Proteins (mosaic) move to function.
Fluid Mosaic Model
29
Selective permeability allows passage of some molecules Enzymes for ATP production Photosynthetic pigments on foldings called chromatophores or thylakoids Damage to the membrane by alcohols, quaternary ammonium (detergents) and polymyxin antibiotics causes leakage of cell contents.
Plasma membrane
30
Movement of a solute from an area of high concentration to an area of low concentration. High -> low no energy
Simple diffusion
31
Solute combines with a transporter protein in the membrane | no energy
Facilitative diffusion
32
Movement of water across a selectively permeable membrane from an area of high solvent concentration (low solute concentration) to an area of low solvent concentration (high solute concentration)
Osmosis
33
Equal water and solute inside and out
Isotonic
34
water moves into the cell and may cause the cell to burst if the wall is weak or damaged
Hypotonic
35
water moves out of the cell causing its cytoplasm to shrink
Hypertonic
36
seen exclusively in prokaryotes. Substance is chemically altered during transport. example: phosphate groups can be added to sugar Requires a transporter protein and PEP (phospho enol pyruvic acid). PEP: high energy phosphate compound.
Group translocation
37
substances requires a transporter protein and ATP
Active transport
38
the substance inside the plasma membrane - nuclear (nucleoid) area (chromosome/DNA) - ribosomes - inclusions - endospores
Cytoplasm
39
Are prokaryotic and eukayotic cells have different sizes?
Yes
40
``` Phosphate reserves Energy reserves Energy reserves Energy reserves Ribulose 1,5-diphosphate carboxylase for CO2 fixation Protein covered cylinders Iron oxide (destroys H2O2) Metachromatic granules (volutin) Polysaccharide granules Lipid inclusions Sulfur granules Carboxysomes Gas vacuoles Magnetosomes These are all what ```
Inclusions
41
Resting cells Resistant to desiccation, heat, chemicals Help the bacterial cells to survive harsh environments Bacillus, Clostridium Sporulation Germination
Endospores
42
Return to vegetative state
Germination
43
Endospore formation
Sportulation
44
have a nucleus and many other membrane-bound organelles
Eukaryotic cells
45
have flagella and cilia
eukaryotes
46
have flagella but they never can have cilia
prokaryotes
47
organelle that Contains chromosomes
Nucleus
48
organelle that is the transport network
ER
49
organelle that membrane formation and secretion
Golgi complex
50
organelle with digestive enzyme
Lysosome
51
organelle that brings food into cells and provides support
Vaculoe
52
organelle that does cellular respiration
Mitochondrion
53
organelle that does photosynthesis
Chloroplast
54
organelle that does oxidation of fatty acids and destroys H2O2
Peroxisome
55
Nucleus, ER, Gogli complex, Lysosome, Vacuole, Mitochondria, Chloroplast, and peroxisome are organelles of what cells
Eukaryotic cells

Microbiology (7 decks)

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