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Chapter 1 Flashcards

1
Q

Biology

A

The study of life

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2
Q

Anatomy

A

The study of the shape and structure of an organism’s body and the relationship of one body part to another.

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3
Q

Physiology

A

Study of the functions of each body part including the chemical reactions that occur and how they coordinate to form a living organism

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4
Q

What are the levels of organisation from smallest to largest?

A 
Atom 
Molecule
Macromolecule 
Organism 
Cell 
Tissue 
Organ 
System 
Organism 
(AM MOC TOSO)
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5
Q

Atom

A

Smallest component of all matter

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6
Q

Molecule

A

More than 1 atom chemically joined together

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7
Q

Macromolecule

A

More than 100-1000s of atoms or molecules joined together

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8
Q

Organelle

A

Macromolecules working together to form the functional unit of of a cell

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9
Q

Organelle AKA

A

“little organ” or “cell organ”

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10
Q

Cell

A

Functional unit of life; groups of organelles working together

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11
Q

Tissue

A

Many cells of similar size, shape, and function working together

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12
Q

Organ

A

A group of tissues working together for a common function(s)

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13
Q

System

A

A group of organs working together for a common function(s)

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14
Q

Organism

A

A group of organ systems working together to sustain life

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15
Q

What are the 10 organ systems?

(MURCI + NERDS)

A 
Muscular 
Urinary 
Respiratory
Circulatory 
Integumentary 
Nervous 
Endorine 
Reproductive 
Digestive 
Skeletal 
(Optional #11: Lymphatic)
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16
Q

Muscular System

-function and organs

A

Function: Movement
Organs: Muscles

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17
Q

Urinary System

-function and organs

A

Function: Removal of wastes and electrolyte (salt) balance
Organs: Kidneys, ureters, urinary bladder, urethra

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18
Q

Respiratory System

-function and organs

A

Function: Takes in oxygen and expels carbon dioxide ( process called respiration)
Organs: Nose, pharynx, larynx, trachea, bronchi, and lungs

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19
Q

Circulatory (Cardiovascular) System

-function and organs

A

Function: Transports substances throughout the internal body
Organs: Heart, arteries, veins, capillaries, and blood

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20
Q

Integumentary System

-function and organs

A

Function: Protection and homeostasis

Organs : Skin

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21
Q

Nervous System

-function and organs

A

Function: Communication between body systems
Organs: Brain, spinal cord, nervous, and sense organs

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22
Q

Endocrine System

  • AKA
  • function and organs
A

AKA: “middle man”
Function: Secretes proper hormones based on information received from the brain to maintain homeostasis and life processes such as hunger
Organs: Pituitary gland, thyroid gland, parathyroid gland, adrenal gland, pancreas, ovaries, testes, pineal gland, and thymus gland

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23
Q

Reproductive System

-function and organs (male and female)

A

Function: Producing offspring
Male organs: Scrotum, testes, epididymus, vas deferentia, seminal vesicles, prostate gland, bulbourethral glands, penis, and urethra
Female organs: ovaries, uterus, uterine tubes, vagina, clitoris, vulva

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24
Q

Digestive System

-function and organs

A

Function: Breakdown and absorb nutrients as well as remove waste
Organs: Mouth, tongue, teeth, esophagus, salivary glands, stomach, liver, pancreas, gall bladder, small/large intestines

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25
Skeletal System | -function and organs
Functions: Support, movement, protection Organs: bones
26
Lymphatic System | -function and organs
Functions: Blood filtering and immune defense Organs: White blood cells, lymph nodes, spleen, lymph tissues * often lumped together with cardiovascular
27
What are the characteristics of life?
``` Responsiveness Respiration Reproduction Growth Absorption Assimilation Movement Excretion Digestion Circulation ```
28
Responsiveness
Sense changes in environment and respond to stimuli | - Nervous System
29
Reproduction
Create offspring | - Reproductive System
30
Respiration
``` Using oxygen (or other elements) to produce energy from food -Respiratory System ```
31
Growth
Increase in size (or production of new cells) | -All systems, but controlled by the Endocrine System)
32
Absorption
Passage of substances into an organism by a membrane | -Digestive System and Integumentary System
33
Assimilation
Chemically altering substances that enter the body | -All systems ( mainly Digestive)
34
Movement
Self-limited change in position | -Muscular and Skeletal Systems
35
Excretion
Elimination of waste products | -Urinary, digestive, respiratory, and integumentary systems
36
Digestion
Break down of food for energy | - Digestive system
37
Circulation
Movement of substances throughout the body | -Cardiovascular System
38
Homeostasis
The maintenance of stable, constant internal environment
39
What do organ systems do?
they work together to maintain constant conditions that allow for survival
40
Ventral Cavity
Entire front cavity including thoracic and abdominopelvic cavities
41
Abdominopelvic
Abdominal and pelvic cavities referred together
42
Abdominal Cavity
Cavity between diaphragm and hips | -stomach, liver, gallbladder, small intestines, parts of the large intestine, spleen, pancreas
43
Pelvic Cavity
Area between hips | -reproductive organs, urinary bladder, rectum and parts of large intestine
44
What are the body cavities
``` Cranial Dorsal Vertebral Thoracic Ventral Abdominalpelvic Abdominal Pelvic ```
45
The 4 Main Quadrants of Abdominopelvic
Right upper quadrant (RUQ) Left upper quadrant (LUQ) Right lower quadrant (RLQ) Left lower quadrant ( LLQ)
46
Thoracic Cavity
Space between shoulders and diaphram
47
Pleural Cavities
Either side of thoracic cavity
48
Mediastinum | -and organs
Center of thoracic cavity | -esophagus, trachea, larynx, thyroid, parathyroid, and thymus glands
49
Pericardial cavity | - organs
Center of mediastinum | -heart
50
Dorsal cavity | -contains
Entire back cavity; contains cranial and spinal ( vertebral) cavity / canal, follows the bones of the back -spinal cord
51
Cranial cavity | - contains
created by the bones of the skull | - brain
52
What are the 9 regions of the Abdominopelvic cavity
``` Right hypochondriac Epigastric Left h. Right lumbar Umbilical Left lumbar Right lumbar Umbilical Left lumbar Right iliac Hypogastric Left iliac ```
53
Right Hypochondriac Region | -Location and Organs
Location- upper right side | Organs- mainly liver and gallbladder and portion of transverse colon
54
Left Hypochondriac Region | -Location and Organs
Location- upper left side | Organs- portion of stomach and transverse colon, spleen
55
Epigastric Region | -Location and Organs
Location- upper center | Organs- Heart, portion of stomach, liver, portion of transverse colon
56
Right Lumbar Region | -Location and Organs
Location - middle right side | Organs- ascending colon, small intestines
57
Left Lumbar Region | -Location and Organs
Location - middle left side | Organs - descending colon, small intestines
58
Umbilical Region | -Location and Organs
Location - middle, middle (belly button) | Organs - small intestines
59
Right Iliac Region | -Location and Organs
Location - bottom right (by hip) | Organs - ascending colon, vermiform appendix
60
Left Iliac Region | -Location and Organs
Location - bottom left (by hip) | Organs - descending colon, rectum
61
Hypogastric Region | - Location and Organs
Location - bottom middle | Organs - reproductive organs, urinary bladder, and small intestines
62
Anatomical Position
The body is standing facing forward, with arms to the sides, and palms forward (thumbs out)
63
What are the body planes?
``` Sagittal Transverse Coronal Anterior Posterior Cranial Caudal Superior Inferior Medial Lateral Proximal Distal Superficial Deep (inside) ```
64
Sagittal (median) plane
Separates right from left
65
Transverse (horizontal) plane
Separates top from bottom
66
Coronal (frontal) plane
Separates front from back
67
Anterior (ventral)
Front or in front of
68
Posterior (dorsal)
back or in back of
69
Cranial
Toward the head
70
Caudal
Toward the tail
71
Superior
Above or upper
72
Inferior
Below or under
73
Medial
Toward the middle
74
Lateral
Away from the middle
75
Proximal
Closer to the trunk of the body (used to compare two parts on the arms or the legs)
76
Distal
Farther from the trunk of the body ( used to compare two parts on the arms or the legs)
77
Superficial (external)
Near the surface
78
Deep (internal)
Inside the body
79
What are the types of serous membranes?
Parietal Visceral Serous Fluid
80
Parietal Membranes
Lines the cavity wall
81
Visceral Membranes
Attach to the surface of organs
82
Serous Fluid
Watery fluid that bathes most organs | - generally fills in any space between a visceral and parietal membrane
83
What are the thoracic and abdominopelvic membranes?
``` Pericardium - Parietal Pericardium - Visceral Pericardium Plura - Parietal Pleura - Visceral Pleura Peritoneal - Peritoneal Peritoneum -Visceral Peritoneum ```
84
Pericardium
Membrane around the heart
85
Parietal Pericardium
Membrane lining the pericardial cavity wall
86
Visceral Pericardium
Membrane attached to the heart wall
87
Pericardial Space
Potential space between Parietal / Visceral membranes filled with serous fluid
88
Pleura
Membranes in the thoracic cavity
89
Parietal Pleura
Membrane lining the pleura cavity wall
90
Visceral Pleura
Membrane attached to the lung(s) wall
91
Pleura Space
Potential space between parietal/visceral membranes filled with serous fluid
92
Peritoneal
Membranes in the abdominopelvic cavity
93
Perietal Peritoneum
Membrane lining the cavity wall
94
Visceral Peritoneum
Membrane attached to the abdominopelvic organ walls
95
Peritoneal Space
Potential space between v/p membranes filled with serous fluid

CTC Bio 1107 (49 decks)

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