Chapter 2 : Chemical Basis of Life

Question 1

Matter

Answer 1

Anything that has weight and takes up space

Solid, Liquid, Gas, Plasma

Question 2

Mass

Answer 2

Measure of the amount of matter (grams)

Question 3

Weight

Answer 3

Measure of the pull of gravity on the mass of an object

Question 4

Elements

Answer 4

The smallest form of matter (must maintain unique characteristics

Question 5

A single element is considered

Answer 5

An atom

Question 6

Atoms of the different elements vary in

Answer 6

Size and how they interact with one another

Question 7

An atom consists

Answer 7

of a nucleus containing protons, neutrons, and electrons that orbit around the nucleus

Question 8

A proton’s charge

Answer 8

Positive

Question 9

A neutron’s charge

Answer 9

None / Neutral

Question 10

An electron’s charge

Answer 10

Negative

Question 11

Elements are arranged on what and according to what?

Answer 11

On the periodic table

According to their atomic number

Question 12

The atomic number

Answer 12

The number of protons located in the nucleus of a particular atom

Question 13

How can you tell the number of electrons from the neutral

Answer 13

A single atom of an element has a neutral charge, the atomic number can also tell us the number of electrons present in the orbitals or shells of the atoms

Question 14

The number of electrons will determine what?

Answer 14

How the element interacts of forms bonds with other elements

Question 15

Mass number

Answer 15

The number of protons and neutrons in an atom

Question 16

The number of neutrons of an element varying causes

Answer 16

Isotopes

Question 17

Atomic Weight

Answer 17

The average mass of all the isotopes of a certain type

Question 18

Atoms want what in their outer most shell to become stable and happy :D

Answer 18

The maximum number of electrons

Question 19

What do atoms do to stay/become stable

Answer 19

They form bonds by gaining, losing, or sharing electrons with other bonds

Question 20

Ionic bonds

Answer 20

When atoms can obtain a stable number of electrons by giving up or gaining forming compounds

Question 21

What forms when ionic bonds separate

Answer 21

Charged atoms called ions are formed

Question 22

Covalent bonds form when

Answer 22

2 or more elements share electrons to become stable

Question 23

Molecule

Answer 23

Stable compound formed by covalent bonding

Question 24

Ionic vs. Covalent

Answer 24

Ionic bonds form between elements on opposite sides of the Periodic table
Covalent bonds form between elements on the same side of the Periodic Chart or between 2 atoms of the same element

Question 25

Electron Dot Diagram

Answer 25

Uses dots to represent the filing of shells and th exchange or sharing of electrons

Question 26

Polarity

Answer 26

One side of a molecule having a slight charge ans ones side having a slight negative charge

Question 27

What causes polarity

Answer 27

Unequal sharing of electrons

Question 28

Hydrogen bonds

Answer 28

Bonds between polar molecules caused by Hydrogen slight positive charge

Question 29

Cohesion

Answer 29

Attraction between like substances | EX: Surface tension - water molecules stick together

Question 30

Adhesion

Answer 30

Attraction between unlike substances | EX: "sweat" on a glass

Question 31

Capillary Action

Answer 31

Combination of cohesion and adhesion | EX: liquid in a straw

Question 32

pH

Answer 32

The measure of acidity or alkalinity of a substance by measuring the amount of H+ ions present

Question 33

pH scale

Answer 33

Lists on order of acid to base in relation to neutral

Question 34

7 on the pH scale is

Answer 34

Neutral

Question 35

Closer to 14 on the pH scale

Answer 35

The stronger the base

Question 36

Closer to 0 on the pH scale

Answer 36

The stronger the acid

Question 37

Bases will neutralize

Answer 37

Acids and vise versa

Question 38

The pH of a solution greatly affects what

Answer 38

What physical reactions can take place within the solution

Question 39

Characteristics of acids

Answer 39

Taste sour, burn skin

Question 40

Characteristics of bases

Answer 40

Taste bitter, feel slippery

Question 41

Organic Molecules

Answer 41

- Usually associated with living things - Always contain Carbon and Hydrogen - "large" macromolecules made from 1,000's of atoms - Always have Covalent Bonds

Question 42

4 main categories of "organic" molecules that make up our bodies

Answer 42

- Proteins - Carbohydrates - Lipids - Nucleic Acids

Question 43

Proteins

Answer 43

Molecules composed of amino acids

Question 44

Types of proteins

Answer 44

- Structural proteins - Enzymes - Receptor - Antibodies - Hormones

Question 45

Structural Proteins (of the body)

Answer 45

Construct or organs (hair, skin, muscles, stomach)

Question 46

Enzymes

Answer 46

Speed up chemical reactions

Question 47

Receptors

Answer 47

Recognize other cells

Question 48

Antibodies

Answer 48

Recognize and destroy foreign materials in the body

Question 49

Hormones

Answer 49

Chemical messengers of the endocrine system

Question 50

Carbohydrates

Answer 50

Molecules of carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen that provide quick energy for our cells

Question 51

The 3 types of Carbohydrates

Answer 51

- Monosaccharide - Disaccharide - Polysaccharide

Question 52

Monosaccharide

Answer 52

Single sugar - Glucose - cellular fuel - Fructose - fruit sugar - Galatose - milk sugar

Question 53

Disaccharide

Answer 53

Double sugar | -Sucrose - table sugar = glucose + fructose

Question 54

Polysaccharide

Answer 54

Three or more sugars - Glycogen - 100's of sugars stored in liver of animals - Starch - 100's of sugars stored in cells of plants

Question 55

Lipids

Answer 55

- Non-polar, C-H-O molecules that are insoluble in water - Store large amounts of energy in the bonds between atoms - Composed of 1 Glycerol molecule (back bone) and 3 Fatty Acids (tails)

Question 56

3 Types of Lipids

Answer 56

- Triglycerides - Phospholipids - Steroids

Question 57

Triglycerides

Answer 57

Fats and oils that provide large amounts of energy in their bonds

Question 58

Phospholipids

Answer 58

Make cell membranes

Question 59

Steroids

Answer 59

Complex lipids varied functions such as cholesterol, adrenaline, estrogen, ect

Question 60

Nucleic Acids

Answer 60

Molecules of DNA and RNA that encode our genetic information

Question 61

Nucleic Acids are composed of

Answer 61

Nucleotides

Question 62

Nucleotides

Answer 62

- 5 Carbon sugar (ribose or deoxyribose) - Phosphate group - Nitrogen bases : Adenine, Guanine, Cytosine, and Thymine ( or Uracil in RNA)

Question 63

This makes the outer "ladder" of the Double Helix

Answer 63

The 5 carbon sugar alternating with the phosphate group

Question 64

The nitrogen bases form the

Answer 64

"Rungs" of the ladder (of the double helix)

Question 65

Bases are always paired to a

Answer 65

Specific partner

Question 66

Adenine to

Answer 66

Thymine

Question 67

Guanine to

Answer 67

Cytosine

Question 68

Each sequence of 3 base pairs encodes for

Answer 68

Amino acids (triple codon sequence)

Question 69

Chromosome

Answer 69

2 identical strands of DNA that encode for the same traits (eye color, hair color, height)