Chapter 1

Question 1

The five basic groups of microorganisms are:

Answer 1

Bacteria
Protozoa
Fungi (yeasts, molds, macroscopic fungi)
Viruses
Microscopic Algae

Question 2

Microorganisms can be both ______ and ______.

Answer 2

Harmful and helpful

Question 3

Less than ____ percent of known microorganisms cause disease

Answer 3

1%

Question 4

3 examples of harmful aspects of microorganisms include:

Answer 4

DISEASE of plants, animals and humans
DESTRUCTION of property
ADVERSE EFFECTS on the environment due to overpopulation

Question 5

Def: Antibiotic

Answer 5

Chemical products produced by one microorganism that kill or inhibit growth of another

Question 6

Vaccines (definition)

Answer 6

Preparations of microbial origin administered to induce development of the immune response to protect against pathogen or toxin

Question 7

Nitrogen Fixation (definition)

Answer 7

Conversion of nitrogen gas in air into forms that can be used by plants and other organisms

Question 8

Microorganisms synthesize products for human use, including:

Answer 8

organic acids, amino acids and ethanol

Question 9

Type of microorganism that decompose dead organic matter

Answer 9

Saprophyte

Question 10

Saprophytes include_____ and contribute to the_______.

Answer 10

Saprophytic fungi, bacteria and protozoa

Carbon and nitrogen cycles

Question 11

Microorganisms are used at sewage treatment plants to:

Answer 11

Decompose organic matter

Question 12

Microorganisms are used in genetic engineering, which is:

Answer 12

Deliberate modification of an organisms genome by inserting DNA into bacteria

Question 13

Biotechnological uses of microorganisms

Answer 13

Manufacture industrial products, foods and drugs

Question 14

Def: bioremediation

Answer 14

Removal of pollutants and toxic wastes

Question 15

Primary physical barriers to invasion of microorganism on human

Answer 15

Skin - epithelial tissue

Mucous membranes -that line areas that communicate with outside environment

Question 16

Def: Microbiota

Answer 16

Body flora that colonize after birth and protect against disease

Question 17

How does microbiota (body flora) protect us?

Answer 17

Out numbers bad microbes that could potentially harm us

Some microbiota produce chemicals that are harmful to microbes (pH balance)

Question 18

Do ventral cavities have mucous membranes? Why or why not?

Answer 18

No - there should not be any microbes in these cavities! Mucous membranes are at sites where microbes threaten to get in.. not in the thoracic or abdominopelvic

Question 19

First antibiotic was ______ and discovered by ______

Answer 19

Penicillin / Alexander Fleming

Question 20

In Fleming’s experiment, he used ________ on an agar plate. What resulted was a mold called ________ and a chemical called________.

Answer 20

Staphylococcus Aureus
Penecilium notatum
Penicillin

Question 21

Inappropriate prescription of antibiotics can cause

Answer 21

Resistance

Question 22

Vaccines may contain: (4 things)

Answer 22

1. Killed organisms
2. Attenuated Organisms - organisms that are alive but weakened and cannot cause disease
3. Parts of organisms - acellular (part of but not whole) and will induce a response
4. Product of an organism - inactivated toxin becomes a toxoid

Question 23

An inactivated toxin in a vaccine becomes a

Answer 23

Toxoid

Question 24

What do vaccines present to the immune system?

Answer 24

A foreign substance (antigen) being introduced to the immune system

Question 25

Antigens cause immune responses that create antibodies. Antibodies are _________ to the antigen that induced a response.

Answer 25

SPECIFIC

Question 26

Autoimmunity means:

Answer 26

that the body is attacking "self" and cannot recognize its own cell markers

Question 27

Types of immunity

Answer 27

Active and Passive

Question 28

Active immunity (def)

Answer 28

Long lasting - produced by the body Natural: acquired through environmental exposure; will not always contract a disease but will be immune Artificial: Induced by a vaccine

Question 29

Passive Immunity (def)

Answer 29

Temporary - Produced by another individual (animal) Natural: Passed down from mother to baby (breast milk) Artificial: Injections of gamma globulins (antibodies)

Question 30

Simultaneous active and passive immunity example

Answer 30

Rabies- post exposure vaccine

Question 31

Classes of Antibodies

Answer 31

``` IgA Antibodies (secretory) IgD Antibodies IgG Antibodies (circulating antibody) IgM Antibodies (biggest with most monomers - first to get to site of infection) IgE Antibodies (attach to basophils and mast cells and induce allergic response) ```

Question 32

Nitrogenase function in carbon Fixation

Answer 32

Nitrogenase is an enzyme in bacteria that allows for it to harness it from the environment and fix it to another element to make a compound (Amonium NH3)

Question 33

Life forms require a source of ____ acquired mostly from diet

Answer 33

Nitrogen

Question 34

Anoxygenic Photosynthesis

Answer 34

Carried out by anaerobic photobacteria/phototrophs/photosynthetic bacteria without the use of oxygen. DOES NOT yield oxygen and water is not involved

Question 35

Oxygenic Photosynthesis

Answer 35

Carried out by aerobes; produces O2 and required H2O

Question 36

Oxygenic Aerobes include

Answer 36

Algae, plants and Cyanobacteria

Question 37

In Photosynthesis, CO2 is _____ to ______; | And H2O is _____ to ______

Answer 37

Reduced to glucose | Oxidized to oxygen