Chapter 1 Flashcards
(30 cards)
Define the term “cohort.”
a group of people born at around the same place and time period
Critical Period
- time period where the presence of an environmental stimulus is necessary for the development to proceed normally
- period when an event has its greatest consequences
- —-ex language development; has to be able to hear
Sensitive Period-
- Period where an individual is especially susceptible to certain stimuli
- ex. prenatal development; environment has to be kept
- earlier periods are more sensitive
Continuous change-
- Gradual development in which achievements at one level build on those of previous levels.
- Change is a matter of degree but not kind : more of quantity then of quality
Discontinuous change-
- development that occurs in distinct steps or stages.
- changes are qualitatively different than behavior at earlier stages: more of quality than quantity
- ex. butterfly: morf to butterfly
Nature
- inherited traits, abilities and capacities
includes maturation-
maturation :
the unfolding of our biological potential
Nurture-
- the environmental influences that shape behavior.
- Behavior is the result of the interaction between nature and nurture
- intelligence is also the interaction of nature and nurture interacting
psychodynamic
Sigmund Freud (1856-1939), Erik Erikson (p.14 in txt)
- responsible for the psychoanalytical theory
- attempted to explain nehaviorandexplain psychological disabilities
what are the 3 parts of the personality ?
id, ego, super ego
id-
at birth
instinctual part of the personality and reduce tension)
- the primitive drives related to hunger, sex, agression, irrational impulses
- operates on the pleasure principle (maximize satisfaction and reduce tension
ego-
- towards the end of 1st yrorld rational part of the personality
- acts as a buffer between the world and the primitive id
- operates on the reality principle(instinctual energy is restrained to maintain individual safety and integration into society)
- the good health of the individual
superego-
- at the end of 5-6 yrs
- the moral side of the personality
- the conscience
- initial conscience is the conscience of the parent
- evaluates right from wrong
psychosexual development stages
- pleasure or gratification is focused on a particular biological function or body part
- oral( birth to 12-18 months)
- anal( 12-18 months 3 years)
- phallic (3 to 5-6 years)
- latency(5-6 years to adolescence to adulthood
- genital ( adolescence to adulthood)
Fixation
behavior reflecting an ealier stage of development due to unresolved conflict
Erik Erikson and Psychosocial development
-changes in our interactions with others
changes inner understanding of ourselves as members of society
- 8 stages
- at each stage, a psychosocial crises emerges
- how those crises are resolved has implications for subsequent development
Behavioral Persective founders
john watson, BF Skinner, Albert Bandura
B.F Skinner believed in…
- Operant conditioning
what is operant conditioning?
- a voluntary response is strengthened or weaken a response based its association with a positive or negative consequence
- reinforcement, punishment
John watson believed in…
classical conditioning
what is classical conditioning?
-stimulus substitution
the organism
-responds to a neutral stimulus in an atypical way
Albert Bandura believed in the…
social cognitive learning theory
what’s the social cognitive theory…
- learning by observation of another person ( a model)
- takes mental activity into account ( thoughts, expectations)
- emphasizes learning by observation and modeleng or immitating
what does the cognitive perspective focus on…
focuses on development of our mental capacities that we use to reason, plan , judge..etc
