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Developmental Psychology > Exam 2 > Flashcards

Exam 2 Flashcards

(49 cards)

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1
Q

The Cephalocaudal Principle

A

growth follows a pattern that begins with the head and upper body parts and then proceeds to of the the rest of the body parts

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2
Q

ProximalDistal Principle

A

Development proceeds from the center of the body outward

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3
Q

The Principle of hierarchical integration

A

Simple skills typically develop separately and independently but are later integrated into more complex skills

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4
Q

The Principle of independence of systems

A

Different body systems grow at different rates

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5
Q

Synaptic Pruning

A
  • Neurons that do not become interconnected with other neurons become unnecessary
  • the elimination of neurons that are unnecessary is called synaptic pruning
  • brain changes to new experiences
  • neurons that aren’t getting stimulated get lost
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6
Q

Brain Plasticity

A
  • degree to which the brain is modifiable due to experience

- for example- the infants sensory experience affects the size of neurons and the structure of their interconnections.

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7
Q

SIMPLE REFLEXES( first month of life)

A
  • reflexes determines the infants interaction with the world

- sucking reflex ( provides info about the world)

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8
Q

FIRT HABITS AND PRIMARY RXNS

A
  • coordination of separate actions into single integrated activities
  • ex. combining grasping then bringing object to mouth to suck
  • circular rxn -an activity that is repetitive motors
  • primary circular rxns- schemes reflecting the infants repetition of interesting or enjoyable actions in his or her body ( Just for the sake of doing it
  • ex. 2-3 months…kicking of legs
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9
Q

SECONDARY CIRCULAR RXN (4-6 months)

A
  • begins to act on the world
  • secondary circulatory reactions- are repeated actions meant to bring about desirable consequence on the outside world
  • an effect on the world
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10
Q

COORDINATION OF SECONDARY CIRCULAR RXNS (8-12 months)

A
  • employs goal directed behavior
  • combining several schemes are coordinated in an attempt to generate a single act to solve problem
  • Development of object permanence, the realization that people and objects exist even when they cannot be seen.

–gradual understanding ^^

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11
Q

TERTIARY CIRCULAR RXNS

A
  • involve the deliberate variation of actions to bring desirable consequences
  • miniature “experiments” to observe consequences
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12
Q

BEGINNING OF THOUGHT

A

capacity for mental representation an internal image of a past event or object
permits child to understand causality

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13
Q

deferred imitation

A

observed an action or activity, retain that image for a period of time and then able to reproduce the same action.

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14
Q

what are the six substages of sensorimotor development?

A

simple reflexes, primary circular reactions, secondary circular reactions, tertiary circular reactions, mental representation

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15
Q

Phonemes

A

the basic sounds of language that can be combined to produce words

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16
Q

Morphemes

A

the smallest language unit that has meaning

ex.CAR

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17
Q

Semantics

A

rules that govern the meaning of words and sentences

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18
Q

Prelinguistic communication-

A

sounds, facial expressions, gestures, imitations

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19
Q

Cooing-

A

vocalization which consists of vowel like utterances - emerges between 6-8 weeks

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20
Q

Babbling-

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A

the production of speech like but meaningless sounds at about 2-3 months

  • babbling is universal phenomenon
  • about 6 months babbling differs according to the language to which infants are exposed.
21
Q

when do babies start speaking their first words

Study These Flashcards
A

between 10-14 months

22
Q

what are other characteristics of a child’s first word speech?

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A

holophrases, one word utterances

23
Q

Telegraphic speech-

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A

words not essential to the message are left out

-begins at about 18 months

24
Q
  • Underextension-
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A

overly restrictive use of words- inability to generalize

25
Overextension-
over broad use of words , overgeneralizing their meaning
26
what is Infant directed speech characterized by...
- characterized by short simple sentences - higher pitch, sing songlike - uses is relates to early appearance of words.
27
Learning Theory Approach (Behavioral)
- follows the basic laws of reinforcement, conditioning and shaping - doesn't explain how children learn grammar - doesn't explain how children produce novel phrases, sentences and construction
28
who is known for the Natavist Approach?
Noam Chomsky
29
Natavist Approach
- Language is an innate skill - there is a genetically determined innate mechanism that directs the development of language - the brain is wired with a language acquisition device(LAD), a neural system of the brain tat permits the understanding of language
30
Interactionist Approach
- combines the nativist and learning theories - language is produced through a combo of genetically-determined predisposition and environmental circumstances. - Social factors and exposure are key to language development
31
what did Konrad Lorenz study
studied imprinting in animals (geese story)
32
what did Lorenz observe?
the rapid, innate learning that take place during a critical period and involves attachment to the first moving object observed.
33
what was freuds perspective on attachment?
Freud suggested that the attachment grew out of a mothers ability to satisfy a child’s oral needs.
34
What did Harry Harlow's study show?
-showed that in monkeys food alone is insufficient to bring about attachment. Rhesus monkeys - introduced babies to a surrogate mothers - although the wire monkey provided food- - infant monkeys preferred clinging to the warm, terry cloth Surrogate - Contact comfort
35
what was John Bowlby perspective on attachment ?
- attachment- based on infants needs for safety and security | - attachment provides a safe base from which the child can gain independence.
36
What are the four patterns of infant attachment identified by Ainsworth?
- secure attachment plan - avoidant attachment plan - ambivalent attachment plan - disoriented attachement plan
37
who is Mary Ainsworth?
developed the strange situation to the study of strength of attachment. Mother is an attachment figure who supplies a secure base.
38
Secure Attachment Pattern
- Securely attached | - use mother as a safe base, exploring when they see her, upset when she leaves
39
Avoidant attachment Pattern
- avoidant children - do not seek the proximity of the mother - they seem to avoid her when she returns and appears to be angry by her behavior
40
Ambivalent Attachment Pattern
show great distress when the mother leaves but upon her return they may seek close contact but may also hit and kick her.
41
Disoriented Attachment Pattern
Disorganized, disorientated Show inconsistent, contradictory behavior, such as approaching the mother when she return but not look at her least securely attached children of all
42
Temperament
Pattern of arousal and emotionality that are consistent and enduring characteristics of an individual
43
Activity level
degree of overall movement
44
Irritability
some infants are easily disturbed, fussy others are easygoing Alexander, Thomas, and Chess(NY Longitudinal Study, 1984)
45
what three profiles of temperament
- Easy Babies - Difficult Babies - Slow-To-Warm
46
The consequences of temperament
temperament is a key determinant in the way parents react to the infants behavior.
47
Good to fit
- adjustment depends on the goodness of fit - development is dependent on the degree of match between the child's temperament and the nature and demands of which the environment they are being raised.
48
Stranger Anxiety
- the caution and wariness displayed by infants when encountering an unfamiliar person. - second half of the first year - cognitive advances- infants are able to recognize people who are familiar and unfamiliar.
49
Separation Anxiety
- the distress displayed by -infants when a customary care provider departs. - begins at about 8-9 months and peaks at 14 mo. - attributable to cognitive skills.

Developmental Psychology (7 decks)

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