Chapter 1

Question 1

Describe a system ?

Answer 1

A group of objects that affect or influence eachother

Question 2

Describe a structure of a system?

Answer 2

The structure of a system describes how its parts are arrange in space

Question 3

describe emergent properties?

Answer 3

emergent properties are properties of a whole system that cannot be predicted from the properties of its parts, the emergent properties of a system depend on the arrangement of its parts, or its structure, the emergent properties of a system depend on the ways that different parts affect each other or its functioning

Question 4

True or false? the emergent properties of a system result from the structure and functioning of the system?

Answer 4

True

Question 5

Which property must a system exhibit to be considered as living?

Answer 5

homeostasis, growth, reproduction and heredity

Question 6

which statement describes the property of homeostasis?

Answer 6

Homeostasis refers to the ability of a living system to keep its internal physical and chemical condition different than physical and chemical conditions in its surroundings.

Question 7

true or false? the ability of a living system to maintain homeostasis is equivalent to survival?

Answer 7

True

Question 8

true or false? Living systems must grow so that they can reproduce?

Answer 8

True

Question 9

describe the property of heredity?

Answer 9

heredity refers to the fact that the offspring of a living system are more similar to their parents than to other, non-related living systems.

Question 10

true or false? a viruses is the simplest system that is alive?

Answer 10

false

Question 11

true of false? a cell is the simplest system that is alive?

Answer 11

true

Question 12

describe a genome?

Answer 12

a genome is two or more series of chemical reactions that are linked together to form a complex network, a genome is a bilayer that forms an enclosed compartment, a genome is a group or population of replicators

Question 13

describes a sequence?

Answer 13

a sequence is the number and order of building blocks in a replicator, a sequence always acts as a template for its own replication, a sequence may contain information for building proteins that influence the properties of the membrane and metabolism.

Question 14

true or false? All replicators within a genome can act as templates for their own replications

Answer 14

true

Question 15

true or false? only some of the replicators within a genome contain information for building proteins that influence the properties of the membrane and metabolism?

Answer 15

true

Question 16

describe a membrane?

Answer 16

the membrane surrounds the genome and metabolism protecting them from harmful chemicals and radiation, the membrane limits what goes in and out of a cell and its thus critical to homeostasis, the membrane forces replicators sequences in a genome to maintain ca certain degree of cooperation.

Question 17

true or false? because its limits what goes in and out of a cell, the membrane is critical for the property of homeostasis.

Answer 17

true

Question 18

describe metabolism?

Answer 18

the metabolism requires food that must be imported from the environment, the metabolism provides building blocks for the replicators so they can replicate, the metabolism provides building blocks (phospholipids) for the membrane so that i can grow.

Question 19

describe the important function of the metabolism?

Answer 19

the metabolism provides raw materials (building blocks) for the replicators so they can be replicated, the metabolism provides building blocks (phospholipids) for the membrane so that i can be repaired and ultimately increase size, the metabolism provides energy.

Question 20

for a living system to exhibit the property of heredity, the genome must be capable of influencing the properties of the membrane and metabolism. in the abstract model of a cell that we built, which of the following statements must be true for the genome to influence the properties of the membrane and metabolism?

Answer 20

some replicators must be long enough to act as genes, genes must contain information on how to construct functional molecules such as proteins, proteins must be capable of influencing the metabolism and membrane by acting as enzymes that speed up chemical reactions or transports that help move chemical substances across the membrane.

Question 21

true or false? the ability of a cell to interact with its environment ( bring in food, export waste, avoid becoming food) determines how well it is able to maintain homeostasis, grow and divide?

Answer 21

true

Question 22

true or false? the set of proteins that occurs within a cell has a strong influence on its structure and functioning and hence its ability to interact with its environment?

Answer 22

true

Question 23

true or false?the specific replicator sequences within a cell determine the set of proteins that will appear within a cell?

Answer 23

true

Question 24

true or false? cells with different replicator sequences will exhibit differences in their abilities to maintain homeostasis, grow, and reproduce?

Answer 24

true

Question 25

describe ecology?

Answer 25

within a population, cells interact with physical and biological aspects of their environment

Question 26

accurately describe natural selection?

Answer 26

within a population, cells that interact with their environment well will tend to survive, grow and reproduce at higher rates than competing cells

Question 27

accurately describe evolution?

Answer 27

within a population, replicator sequences carried by cells that survive, grow, and reproduce at higher rates will increase relative to replicator sequences carried by competing cells.

Question 28

accurately describes evolution by natural selection?

Answer 28

within a population cells interact with their environment well will tend to survive, grow and reproduce at higher rates than competing cells, within a population replicator sequences carried by cells that survive, grow reproduce at rates will increase relative to replicator sequences carried by competing cells.

Question 29

describe an element?

Answer 29

an element is a substance that cannot be broken down into simpler substances via chemical reactions.

Question 30

describe a compound?

Answer 30

a compound is a substance that can be broken down into simpler substances via chemical reactions, a compound consist of two or more elements in a fixed ratio.

Question 31

which elements are important in a living system such as a cell.

Answer 31

CHON | carbon, hydrogen, oxygen, nitrogen

Question 32

the atomic number of an element describes how many __ and __ and electrically neutral atom of that element contains?

Answer 32

protons and electrons

Question 33

the mas number of an element describes how many __ and __ and electrically neutral atom of that element contains?

Answer 33

protons and neutrons

Question 34

how many protons does phosphorus atom (P) have?

Answer 34

15

Question 35

how many electrons does phosphorus atom (P) have?

Answer 35

15

Question 36

how many neutrons does a typical phosphorous atom have?

Answer 36

16

Question 37

how many valence electrons does phosphorous have?

Answer 37

5

Question 38

which shell are phosphorous valence electrons located in?

Answer 38

the thrid

Question 39

how many unpaired electrons are there in phosphorous valence shell?

Answer 39

3

Question 40

nitrogen has three isotopes. how do isotopes of the same element differ from each other?

Answer 40

they have a different numbers of neutrons

Question 41

magnesium atoms have two electrons in their outermost shell. in order to become stable what will a magnesium atom do?

Answer 41

it will "loose" two electrons and become a positively charged cation

Question 42

a chemical bond formed by the attraction between oppositely charged ions is called?

Answer 42

an ionic bond

Question 43

true or false? in an atmospheric (dry air) environment ionic bonds are strong. however, in an aqueous (watery) environment ionic bonds are relatively weak.

Answer 43

true

Question 44

magnesium chloride (MgCl2) is an ionic compound or salt. the chemical bonds that hold a single mg2+ cation and two CL- anions together in a crystal are referred to as?

Answer 44

ionic bonds

Question 45

true or false? magnesium chloride is a chemical compound, but it is not a molecule?

Answer 45

true

Question 46

carbon atoms have four electrons in their outermost shell. to become stable, what will a carbon atom do?

Answer 46

it will share its electrons equally with other atoms and form non polar covalent bonds.

Question 47

benzene is a molecular chemical compound that has the chemica formula C6H6. The chemical bonds that hold a single carbon atom and a single hydrogen atom together are referred as?

Answer 47

nonpolar covalent bonds

Question 48

true or false? benzene is a chemical compound, but it is not a molecule?

Answer 48

false

Question 49

a polar covalent bond can form when?

Answer 49

an atom of one element is more electronegative than an atom of the second element. consequently the atom of the first element has a greater affinity (attraction) for the shared electrons.

Question 50

a hydrogen bond can form when ?

Answer 50

the partial negative charge at the end of one polar covalent bond is attracted to the partial positive charge at the end of a different polar covalent bond, two polar regions on a single large molecule come into close proximity (collide), two different polar molecules come into close proximity (collide)

Question 51

describe chemical reaction?

Answer 51

a chemical reaction can occur only when atoms, ions, or molecules collide in a "just right" way, a chemical reaction involves the making and breaking of chemical bonds, a chemical reaction does not creat or destroy matter

Question 52

true or false? all chemical reactions are reversible to some degree?

Answer 52

true

Question 53

describe a chemical reaction that has attained equilibrium ?

Answer 53

the rate of the forward reaction is the equal to the rate of the reverse reaction

Question 54

in a single molecule of water the two hydrogen atoms are bonded to a single oxygen atom by?

Answer 54

polar covalent bonds

Question 55

true or false? a water molecule is a charge molecules or ion?

Answer 55

false

Question 56

in the liquid phase of water, multiple water molecules are held together by?

Answer 56

hydrogen bonds

Question 57

true or false? in the liquid phase of water, hydrogen bonds are constantly breaking and reforming. in addition, the hydrogen bonds can be of differing lenghts?

Answer 57

true

Question 58

true or false? in the gaseous phase of water, each molecule is hydrogen bonded to an average of 3.4 other water molecules?

Answer 58

false

Question 59

true or false? in the solid phase of water, each water molecule is hydrogen bonded to four other water molecules and these hydrogen bonds are maximum length?

Answer 59

true

Question 60

why does ice float in liquid water?

Answer 60

they hydrogen bonds among water molecules in ice are at their maximum length. consequently, ice is less dense than liquid water.