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PSYC1013 > Chapter 1 > Flashcards

Chapter 1 Flashcards

1
Q

what is psychology

A

cognitive, sensation and perception, biological psychology, language, thought, Research methods

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2
Q

literal translation of Psychology

A

study of the soul

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3
Q

Who is Wilhem Wundt? time period?

A

1879, he campaigned to make psychology an independent study, created the first lab

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4
Q

how many labs were created between the years of 1883-1893

A

20

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5
Q

who is jean stanley hall

A

first person in north america to open a lab (at john hopkins, 1883)

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6
Q

what are the north american associations for psychology and when were they established?

A

American Psychological Association (1892)

Canadian Psychological Association (1939)

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7
Q

where was the first psychology course in canada, and what year?

A

Dalhousie college, in 1838

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8
Q

who opened the first lab in canada, what year and where?

A

Mark Baldwin, at UofT, 1891

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9
Q

who founded structuralism

A

Edward Titchner

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10
Q

structuralism approach

A

analyse consciousness into basic elements, in order to understand how we understand the world

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11
Q

introspection

A

systematic observation of “direct and immediate experience”

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12
Q

stimulus error in terms of structuralism

A

labeling the term based on your experience, instead you should describe the breakdown of the object

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13
Q

criticism of structuralism

A

unnatural, “breaking down the conscious experience doesn’t make any sense”

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14
Q

Who founded functionalism

A

William James MD

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15
Q

when was structuralism created

A

early 1900s, technically created by edward titchner

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16
Q

functionalism approach

A

analyze conscious flow of thought in a natural setting, if we want to understand our conscious experience, we must analyze the content of those thoughts. Owes a dept to Darwin and his theory of evolution. Must be a purpose to our consciousness, focus on function and benefit to our thoughts

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17
Q

when were women first allowed to participate in an undergraduate degree, and why?

A

1830, because women were considered to be inferior, also school was thought to disrupt their menstrual cycle. (canada: mount allison, 1875)

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18
Q

Mary Whiton Calkins

A

first female APA president in 1905, worked at harvard but never officially enrolled, bc she was a woman

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19
Q

Doreen Kimura

A

“dragon lady”, president of the society of academic freedom. interested in the differences of neurological functions between men and women (memory, spatial awareness, etc)

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20
Q

Mary J. Wright

A

first CPA president, 1968

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21
Q

Brenda Milner

A

She gave us a better understand of memory through her work with H.M

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22
Q

who is H.M.

A

a young boy who had seizures, tried to remove a part of his brain, after surgery, his seizures were better, but couldn’t form long term memories. Brenda Milners Patient

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23
Q

When was Behaviourism on the rise

A

early 1900s

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24
Q

John Watson

A

on of the chief proponents of behaviourism

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25
Q

bahaviourism approach

A

we should only study behaviour we can observe and verify, nothing inside your mind (anything overt and observable).

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26
Q

stimulus

A

any detectable input from the environment, anything you could react too

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27
Q

behaviourism base question

A

if i present a stimulus, how do you respond? (being shocked, grimace, move away etc.)

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28
Q

Watsons stance on Nature vs Nurture

A

environment molded the child, he believed he could raise any child he wanted by putting them in specific environments

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29
Q

Nature vs. Nurture

A

what drives you behaviour: genetics or environment? Not clear cut, a mix of both

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30
Q

effects from behaviourism

A

stimulus response psychology led to animal research. By providing a certain stimuli to animals we can see how they change their behaviour. look at principles of behaviour

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31
Q

when was psychoanalytic theory on the rise

A

early 1900s

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32
Q

Anna O.

A

Sigmund Freud and Breuer patient: she had memory loss, paralysis, nausea (mental deterioration), they hypnotized her to talk to about her issues. She had an ill father that was causing her stress, once she talked about this, her symptoms lessened… “talking cure”

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33
Q

Sigmund Freud

A

main contributor to psychoanalytic theory, used a lot of cocaine, published an article about how great and beneficial it was

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34
Q

what was sigmund freuds theory on most conflicts and issues

A

he thought that most linked back to sexuality. People were repressed to talk about sex in those times

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35
Q

emphasis of psychoanalytics

A

unconscious processes influencing behaviour (thoughts, memories, and desires below the surface of conscious awareness influence behaviour)

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36
Q

Freudian Slip

A

actions or words that reveal unconscious feelings

Ex: math course–> math curse, unhappy about the class

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37
Q

Interpretations of Dreams

A

1900s, psychoanalytic theory suggest that dreams hold our hidden thoughts, true feelings, etc.

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38
Q

criticism: psychoanalytic

A

didnt want to talk about sex, didnt like the fact that we had no control over our behaviour or conscious

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39
Q

Psychoanalytic influence

A

influential in the 1920s and still today

40
Q

B.F Skinner

A

revisited behaviourism, not interested in internal states, knew we had them but didnt care because we couldn’t verify

41
Q

Behaviourism revisited

A

in the 1930s-1950s, B.F. Skinner, North America

42
Q

B.F. Skinners Theory on Behaviourism

A

Repeat responses that lead to positive outcomes/ do not repeat responses that lead to negative outcomes. Idea that we can manipulate or change behaviour my manipulating outcomes. No free will, nothing we do originates from us, solely from the environment

43
Q

Skinner Air Crib

A

Crib where all variables are controlled (temp. humidity, sound, clean, etc) child wears no clothes (no rashes), always “just right”. Put his daughter in

44
Q

Skinner Air Crib Response

A

Media was not on board, uproar. The child turned out okay, not psychotic, no ill effects

45
Q

Carl Rogers and Abraham Maslow

A

Founders of Humanism

46
Q

Humanism

A

rise in the 1950s. Opposition to behaviourism and Psychoanalytic theory, believed that they were dehumanizing theories. Emphasized on human qualities. we have free will and potential for personal growth and self actualization

47
Q

Maslows hierarchy of needs

A

pyramid: bottom layer is the first thing we need, physiological needs( air, food, water, sex, shelter, sleep) once we have that we can progress to the top of the pyramid to get to self actualization (top level)

48
Q

Psychology as a profession

A

Applied psychology, focus on practical problems, take our understanding of human behaviour and apply it to real life scenarios

49
Q

Impact of WW2

A

Men coming home from war with psychological problems, gave rise to clinical psychology, also who is mentally fit to go to war

50
Q

Cognition

A

mental processes involved in acquiring knowledge

51
Q

1950s

A

Return to study our consciousness, for many years people repressed their inner thought because of behaviourism, push back from the public

52
Q

Noam Chompsky

A

Something special about humans (language)

53
Q

Jean Piaget

A

cognitive development of children, similar errors at the same time–> move through stages of development as we grow up and mature

54
Q

Neuroscience

A

Explains behaviour in terms of physiological processes

55
Q

James old

A

electric shock, took the brains of animals and stimulates certain parts of the brain and certain behaviours are stimulated

56
Q

Roger Sperry

A

Certain parts of the brain are specialized and have specialized functions

57
Q

Donald Hebb

A

Brain cells work together to form a network that produces behvaiour

58
Q

popular theories NOW

A

neuroscience and cognitive

59
Q

Culture and diversity

A

psychologists derive general principals about human behaviour, individuals from different cultures, male and females

60
Q

Culture and Diversity: Early Years

A

most psychologist were older, white, upper class, males and only used their young white male undergraduate students, for monetary factors, which does not represent the entirety of the human population

61
Q

Stereotypes in psychology

A

psychologists feared stereotypes, concerned that some cross cultural would reinforce cultural stereotypes

62
Q

Ethnocentric:

A

see ourselves as the benchwork for culture, that our culture is the best

63
Q

1980s

A

interested in how cultural factors influence behaviour, some cases there are none sometimes there are, differences should be in forefront of research

64
Q

Evolutionary Psychology

A

developed in the 60s and 70s, focuses on the adaptive value of a behaviour for a species over many generations

65
Q

criticism: evolutionary psychology

A

Untestable and post hoc (after you collect the data you try to explain what happened), we cant test the theories but you can see the relationship

66
Q

Positive Pyschology

A

positive, adaptive, creative and fulfilling aspects of our experiences, psychologist thought that older theories were focused only of the negative

67
Q

3 aspects of positive psychology

A

subjective experiences, individual traits, positive intuition

68
Q

Criticism: Positive psychology

A

oversimplified, shifting to positive focus only will not give us a full understanding of human behaviour

69
Q

Developmental psychology

A

looks at human development at all stages of life

70
Q

Social Pyschology

A

focuses on interpersonal behaviour and the role of social force in governing behaviour

71
Q

Educational Psychology

A

studies how people learn and the best way to teach them

72
Q

Health Psychology

A

focuses on how physiological factors relate to promotion and maintenance of physical health and the causation, prevention and treatment of illness

73
Q

Physiological psychology

A

Examines the influence of genetic factors on behaviour and the role of the brain, nervous system, endocrine system and bodily chemicals in regulation of behavior

74
Q

Cognitive Psychology

A

focuses on the higher mental processes

75
Q

Experimental Psychology

A

encompasses the traditional core of topics that psychology focused on in the earlier stages as a science

76
Q

Psychometrics

A

Concerned with the measurements of behaviour and capacities, usually through the development of psychological test and development of new techniques for statistical analysis

77
Q

Personality

A

describing and understanding individuals consistency in behaviour, which represent s their personality

78
Q

Clinical Psychology

A

Concerned with evaluation, diagnosis and treatment of individuals with psychological disorders

79
Q

Counselling Psychology

A

overlaps with clinical in that both areas engage in testing and interviews etc. BUT counselling usually works with people struggling with everyday problems of moderate intensity

80
Q

Educational and school psychology

A

work to improve curriculum design and other aspects of the educational process

81
Q

Industrial and organizational psychology

A

Wide variety of task in the world of business and industry

82
Q

clinical psychologist

A

cannot prescribe medication, but can diagnose

83
Q

psychiatrist

A

completes MD, approach diagnosis from a biological disorder model, will both work with and prescribe medication to a client

84
Q

Areas where psychologists work

A 
Universities and colleges- 28%
Private practice- 33.6%
hospitals and clinics- 19.4%
business and government-6.3%
Schools-4.2%
other-8.5%
85
Q

seven organizing themes

A

psychology is empirical
psychology is theoretically diverse
Psychology evolves in a sociohistorical context
Behaviour is determined by multiple causes
behaviour is shaped by cultural heritage
Heredity and environment jointly influence behaviour
Peoples experience of the world is highly subjective

86
Q

Psychology is empirical

A

derive our knowledge through looking at human behaviour, need to be skeptical

87
Q

empiricism

A

knowledge is acquired through observation

88
Q

Clever Hans

A

early 1900s, “counting horse” everyone believed except a german scientist who proved the horse was just watching the human and couldn’t actually count SKEPTICISM

89
Q

psychology is theoretically diverse

A

Different theories to explain an observation (try to approach a given behaviour in many different ways and theories, no one behaviour can be explained by one theory)

90
Q

theory:

A

set of statements that explains and proposes relations among observations, develop a theory that links together data

91
Q

Psychology evolves in a sociohistoric context

A

trends and issues influenced by psychology and vice versa, interaction between whats happening in psychology and whats happening socially and historically

92
Q

Behaviour is determined by multiple causes

A

multiple theories to describe behaviour ex. how well you do in a course, multiple factors might have an impact but not the exact same

93
Q

Behaviour is shaped by cultural heritage

A

manmade aspect of our environment, when we move amongst different cultures, we may not be aware of the cultural expectations

94
Q

Heredity and environment jointly influence behaviour

A

nature/nuture is not all or none, both contribute to personality
how much of a contribution is genetics and how much is environment?
changes that happen in result of your experience with the environment

95
Q

peoples experience of the world is highly subjective

A

might be related to low level differences, different experiences we bring to the table, we are experiencing very different things even when we are seeing the same thing

96
Q

hastorf and Cantril

A

1954, princeton vs dartmouth game, asked each teams fan base to count the fouls, for each side they said the other team had more fouls

97
Q

Kelley

A

1950- two groups of students went to the same lecture, but the description of the professor was different by one word, different rating of the professor

PSYC1013 (8 decks)

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