Chapter 1 Flashcards
(97 cards)
1
Q
what is psychology
A
cognitive, sensation and perception, biological psychology, language, thought, Research methods
2
Q
literal translation of Psychology
A
study of the soul
3
Q
Who is Wilhem Wundt? time period?
A
1879, he campaigned to make psychology an independent study, created the first lab
4
Q
how many labs were created between the years of 1883-1893
A
20
5
Q
who is jean stanley hall
A
first person in north america to open a lab (at john hopkins, 1883)
6
Q
what are the north american associations for psychology and when were they established?
A
American Psychological Association (1892)
Canadian Psychological Association (1939)
7
Q
where was the first psychology course in canada, and what year?
A
Dalhousie college, in 1838
8
Q
who opened the first lab in canada, what year and where?
A
Mark Baldwin, at UofT, 1891
9
Q
who founded structuralism
A
Edward Titchner
10
Q
structuralism approach
A
analyse consciousness into basic elements, in order to understand how we understand the world
11
Q
introspection
A
systematic observation of “direct and immediate experience”
12
Q
stimulus error in terms of structuralism
A
labeling the term based on your experience, instead you should describe the breakdown of the object
13
Q
criticism of structuralism
A
unnatural, “breaking down the conscious experience doesn’t make any sense”
14
Q
Who founded functionalism
A
William James MD
15
Q
when was structuralism created
A
early 1900s, technically created by edward titchner
16
Q
functionalism approach
A
analyze conscious flow of thought in a natural setting, if we want to understand our conscious experience, we must analyze the content of those thoughts. Owes a dept to Darwin and his theory of evolution. Must be a purpose to our consciousness, focus on function and benefit to our thoughts
17
Q
when were women first allowed to participate in an undergraduate degree, and why?
A
1830, because women were considered to be inferior, also school was thought to disrupt their menstrual cycle. (canada: mount allison, 1875)
18
Q
Mary Whiton Calkins
A
first female APA president in 1905, worked at harvard but never officially enrolled, bc she was a woman
19
Q
Doreen Kimura
A
“dragon lady”, president of the society of academic freedom. interested in the differences of neurological functions between men and women (memory, spatial awareness, etc)
20
Q
Mary J. Wright
A
first CPA president, 1968
21
Q
Brenda Milner
A
She gave us a better understand of memory through her work with H.M
22
Q
who is H.M.
A
a young boy who had seizures, tried to remove a part of his brain, after surgery, his seizures were better, but couldn’t form long term memories. Brenda Milners Patient
23
Q
When was Behaviourism on the rise
A
early 1900s
24
Q
John Watson
A
on of the chief proponents of behaviourism
25
bahaviourism approach
we should only study behaviour we can observe and verify, nothing inside your mind (anything overt and observable).
26
stimulus
any detectable input from the environment, anything you could react too
27
behaviourism base question
if i present a stimulus, how do you respond? (being shocked, grimace, move away etc.)
28
Watsons stance on Nature vs Nurture
environment molded the child, he believed he could raise any child he wanted by putting them in specific environments
29
Nature vs. Nurture
what drives you behaviour: genetics or environment? Not clear cut, a mix of both
30
effects from behaviourism
stimulus response psychology led to animal research. By providing a certain stimuli to animals we can see how they change their behaviour. look at principles of behaviour
31
when was psychoanalytic theory on the rise
early 1900s
32
Anna O.
Sigmund Freud and Breuer patient: she had memory loss, paralysis, nausea (mental deterioration), they hypnotized her to talk to about her issues. She had an ill father that was causing her stress, once she talked about this, her symptoms lessened... "talking cure"
33
Sigmund Freud
main contributor to psychoanalytic theory, used a lot of cocaine, published an article about how great and beneficial it was
34
what was sigmund freuds theory on most conflicts and issues
he thought that most linked back to sexuality. People were repressed to talk about sex in those times
35
emphasis of psychoanalytics
unconscious processes influencing behaviour (thoughts, memories, and desires below the surface of conscious awareness influence behaviour)
36
Freudian Slip
actions or words that reveal unconscious feelings
| Ex: math course--> math curse, unhappy about the class
37
Interpretations of Dreams
1900s, psychoanalytic theory suggest that dreams hold our hidden thoughts, true feelings, etc.
38
criticism: psychoanalytic
didnt want to talk about sex, didnt like the fact that we had no control over our behaviour or conscious
39
Psychoanalytic influence
influential in the 1920s and still today
40
B.F Skinner
revisited behaviourism, not interested in internal states, knew we had them but didnt care because we couldn't verify
41
Behaviourism revisited
in the 1930s-1950s, B.F. Skinner, North America
42
B.F. Skinners Theory on Behaviourism
Repeat responses that lead to positive outcomes/ do not repeat responses that lead to negative outcomes. Idea that we can manipulate or change behaviour my manipulating outcomes. No free will, nothing we do originates from us, solely from the environment
43
Skinner Air Crib
Crib where all variables are controlled (temp. humidity, sound, clean, etc) child wears no clothes (no rashes), always "just right". Put his daughter in
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Skinner Air Crib Response
Media was not on board, uproar. The child turned out okay, not psychotic, no ill effects
45
Carl Rogers and Abraham Maslow
Founders of Humanism
46
Humanism
rise in the 1950s. Opposition to behaviourism and Psychoanalytic theory, believed that they were dehumanizing theories. Emphasized on human qualities. we have free will and potential for personal growth and self actualization
47
Maslows hierarchy of needs
pyramid: bottom layer is the first thing we need, physiological needs( air, food, water, sex, shelter, sleep) once we have that we can progress to the top of the pyramid to get to self actualization (top level)
48
Psychology as a profession
Applied psychology, focus on practical problems, take our understanding of human behaviour and apply it to real life scenarios
49
Impact of WW2
Men coming home from war with psychological problems, gave rise to clinical psychology, also who is mentally fit to go to war
50
Cognition
mental processes involved in acquiring knowledge
51
1950s
Return to study our consciousness, for many years people repressed their inner thought because of behaviourism, push back from the public
52
Noam Chompsky
Something special about humans (language)
53
Jean Piaget
cognitive development of children, similar errors at the same time--> move through stages of development as we grow up and mature
54
Neuroscience
Explains behaviour in terms of physiological processes
55
James old
electric shock, took the brains of animals and stimulates certain parts of the brain and certain behaviours are stimulated
56
Roger Sperry
Certain parts of the brain are specialized and have specialized functions
57
Donald Hebb
Brain cells work together to form a network that produces behvaiour
58
popular theories NOW
neuroscience and cognitive
59
Culture and diversity
psychologists derive general principals about human behaviour, individuals from different cultures, male and females
60
Culture and Diversity: Early Years
most psychologist were older, white, upper class, males and only used their young white male undergraduate students, for monetary factors, which does not represent the entirety of the human population
61
Stereotypes in psychology
psychologists feared stereotypes, concerned that some cross cultural would reinforce cultural stereotypes
62
Ethnocentric:
see ourselves as the benchwork for culture, that our culture is the best
63
1980s
interested in how cultural factors influence behaviour, some cases there are none sometimes there are, differences should be in forefront of research
64
Evolutionary Psychology
developed in the 60s and 70s, focuses on the adaptive value of a behaviour for a species over many generations
65
criticism: evolutionary psychology
Untestable and post hoc (after you collect the data you try to explain what happened), we cant test the theories but you can see the relationship
66
Positive Pyschology
positive, adaptive, creative and fulfilling aspects of our experiences, psychologist thought that older theories were focused only of the negative
67
3 aspects of positive psychology
subjective experiences, individual traits, positive intuition
68
Criticism: Positive psychology
oversimplified, shifting to positive focus only will not give us a full understanding of human behaviour
69
Developmental psychology
looks at human development at all stages of life
70
Social Pyschology
focuses on interpersonal behaviour and the role of social force in governing behaviour
71
Educational Psychology
studies how people learn and the best way to teach them
72
Health Psychology
focuses on how physiological factors relate to promotion and maintenance of physical health and the causation, prevention and treatment of illness
73
Physiological psychology
Examines the influence of genetic factors on behaviour and the role of the brain, nervous system, endocrine system and bodily chemicals in regulation of behavior
74
Cognitive Psychology
focuses on the higher mental processes
75
Experimental Psychology
encompasses the traditional core of topics that psychology focused on in the earlier stages as a science
76
Psychometrics
Concerned with the measurements of behaviour and capacities, usually through the development of psychological test and development of new techniques for statistical analysis
77
Personality
describing and understanding individuals consistency in behaviour, which represent s their personality
78
Clinical Psychology
Concerned with evaluation, diagnosis and treatment of individuals with psychological disorders
79
Counselling Psychology
overlaps with clinical in that both areas engage in testing and interviews etc. BUT counselling usually works with people struggling with everyday problems of moderate intensity
80
Educational and school psychology
work to improve curriculum design and other aspects of the educational process
81
Industrial and organizational psychology
Wide variety of task in the world of business and industry
82
clinical psychologist
cannot prescribe medication, but can diagnose
83
psychiatrist
completes MD, approach diagnosis from a biological disorder model, will both work with and prescribe medication to a client
84
Areas where psychologists work
```
Universities and colleges- 28%
Private practice- 33.6%
hospitals and clinics- 19.4%
business and government-6.3%
Schools-4.2%
other-8.5%
```
85
seven organizing themes
psychology is empirical
psychology is theoretically diverse
Psychology evolves in a sociohistorical context
Behaviour is determined by multiple causes
behaviour is shaped by cultural heritage
Heredity and environment jointly influence behaviour
Peoples experience of the world is highly subjective
86
Psychology is empirical
derive our knowledge through looking at human behaviour, need to be skeptical
87
empiricism
knowledge is acquired through observation
88
Clever Hans
early 1900s, "counting horse" everyone believed except a german scientist who proved the horse was just watching the human and couldn't actually count SKEPTICISM
89
psychology is theoretically diverse
Different theories to explain an observation (try to approach a given behaviour in many different ways and theories, no one behaviour can be explained by one theory)
90
theory:
set of statements that explains and proposes relations among observations, develop a theory that links together data
91
Psychology evolves in a sociohistoric context
trends and issues influenced by psychology and vice versa, interaction between whats happening in psychology and whats happening socially and historically
92
Behaviour is determined by multiple causes
multiple theories to describe behaviour ex. how well you do in a course, multiple factors might have an impact but not the exact same
93
Behaviour is shaped by cultural heritage
manmade aspect of our environment, when we move amongst different cultures, we may not be aware of the cultural expectations
94
Heredity and environment jointly influence behaviour
nature/nuture is not all or none, both contribute to personality
how much of a contribution is genetics and how much is environment?
changes that happen in result of your experience with the environment
95
peoples experience of the world is highly subjective
might be related to low level differences, different experiences we bring to the table, we are experiencing very different things even when we are seeing the same thing
96
hastorf and Cantril
1954, princeton vs dartmouth game, asked each teams fan base to count the fouls, for each side they said the other team had more fouls
97
Kelley
1950- two groups of students went to the same lecture, but the description of the professor was different by one word, different rating of the professor
