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PSYC1013 > Chapter 2 > Flashcards

Chapter 2 Flashcards

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1
Q

Research enterprise: why psychology is empirical?

A

dealing with data and observations dealing with human or animal behvaiour, study a lot of different individuals to derive these basic principles

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2
Q

scientific approach

A

psychologists use scientific approach, assume events are governed by lawful order, what the laws of behaviour are. It is a standardized way of making observations, gathering data, forming/testing theories, interpreting results

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3
Q

Qualitative Research

A

could you tell me about x… (asking the patients to describe, interviews, etc)

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4
Q

Quantitative Research

A

Looking at numbers and statistics etc

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5
Q

Goals of Scientific Enterprise

A
  1. measurement and description
  2. Understanding and prediction
  3. application and control
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6
Q

Measurement and Description

A

goals of scientific enterprise Develop techniques to measure and describe behaviour. (ex: stress, physiological markers, for a study we can measure all or just some)

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7
Q

Understanding and Prediction

A

a goal of scientific enterprise which variables we are testing and how we test them, also predicting the outcome

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8
Q

hypothesis

A

a tentative statement about the relationship between two or more variables (the relationship we think exists in the variables i’m looking at, the outcome we predict or expect)

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9
Q

Variables

A

Measurable conditions, events or characteristics, that are controlled or observed in a study (age, gender, sports, love)

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10
Q

Application and control

A

a goal of scientific enterprise application to everyday problems, base research- foundation for other research, creating a theory

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11
Q

theory

A

System of interrelated ideas used to explain or organize a set of observations

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12
Q

Shacter

A

We have the same physiological effects but different feeling

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13
Q

Dutton and Aron

A

1974- can fear increase sexual attraction? suspension bridge (scary), and low (not scary) bridge, half were sent on the scary and the other half low, after they cross met a woman who gave them her number for info then were given a TAT test, more of the men from the scary bridge called her and saw sexual themes in the TAT test. they interpreted their physical reaction to fear as sexual attraction

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14
Q

TAT

A

Thematic Apperception Test

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15
Q

Scientific Investigation steps

A
  1. formulate testable hypothesis
  2. Select research method and design study
  3. collect the data
  4. analyze the data and draw conclusions
  5. report the findings
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16
Q

Formulate testable hypothesis

A

first step of the scientific investigation: must be precise, variables clearly defined, operational definition: describes the actions or operations that will be used to measure or control a variable

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17
Q

Select a research method and design study

A

second step of the scientific investigation: how should we study the question, experiments, case studies, surveys etc.

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18
Q

participants or subjects

A

persons/ animals whose behaviour is being systematically observed

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19
Q

Collect the Data

A

third step of scientific investigation: procedures for making empirical observations (direct, questionnaire, interview, etc)

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20
Q

Analyze the data and draw conclusions

A

fourth step of scientific investigation: use statistical results to test hypothesis

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21
Q

report the findings

A

fifth and final step of the scientific investigation writing the paper, published the paper (peer-reviewed journals)
Presenting the paper

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22
Q

Peer reviewed journal

A

a periodical that published technical and scholarly material

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23
Q

Advantages of Scientific Method

A

gives clarity and precision, suppose to be relatively intolerant to errors– replication crisis

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24
Q

Replication Crisis

A

research journals were publishing things that were not discovered, thats a tendency for people to only show certain results, so we want to make sure we replicate our results so we can stand firmly behind them

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25
Research Method:
Approach to observe, measure, manipulate and control variables in empirical studies
26
What are research methods
experimental, descriptive/ correlational
27
Experiment
Manipulate a variable to observe changes in a second variable (detection of cause and effect)
28
Independent variable (IV)
variable tha tis manipulated or controlled
29
Dependent variable (DV)
variable that is measured and thought to be affected by IV
30
Experimental group
receives special treatment with respect to IV
31
Controlled Group
does not receive special treatment with respect to IV
32
Extraneous Variable
differences between groups that could contaminate results, not intentionally studying
33
Confound
occurs when variables are linked together, so difficult to separate specific effects, Not good!!
34
Single Group
more than one condition (within subjects design) ex. testing their driving ability before alcohol to test them based on their own ability
35
variations in experimental design
more than one dependent, more than one independent
36
what happens when there is more than one dependent variable
testing if the independent variable affects 2 different variables (ex: testing how many errors they make, how fast they go)
37
what happens in experiment with more than one independent variable
interactions between variables, you can look at a different relationship if you test more than one variables
38
Advantages of Experimental research
can draw cause and effect conclusions
39
disadvantages of experimental research
artificial nature, ethical limitations, practical limitations
40
artificial nature
in terms of how we are trying to understand how our memory works, hard to replicate real life scenarios to see how it would work in a natural setting
41
Ethical Limitations
cant test on humans in some case scenarios, legal expectations to protect participants
42
Practical limitations
unable to manipulate some IV, which condition you woulf fall into would already be decided
43
pseudo experiment
manipulated other variables
44
Descriptive/ Correlational research
used when a researcher cannot manipulate the variables under study, do surveys, and then look at the outcome in relation to the behaviour pattern that was described, can discover relation between variables but cannot determine causation
45
naturalistic observations
descriptive research, observe without intervening
46
pros of naturalistic observation
less artificial results
47
cons of naturalistic observations
difficult to be unobtrusive, problems with reactivity (people know they are bring watched so they will act differently), need to make sure you set up an experiment where people do not know they are being watched
48
Case Studies
investigation of one subject (one individual) ex: clive Wearing, patterns across case studies
49
Pro of case study
compelling
50
cons of case study
never be able to modify variables to execute a study, might not be representative
51
Surveys
Questionnaires gathering information, on background and behaviour, get the same information if we ask similar groupd of peopl
52
Pros of survey
Difficult to observe (we can't follow you around) lots of data
53
cons of survey
depends on self report (remembering accurately and reporting accurately), depends on how people interpret the question, social dersirability (more likely to paint themselves in a more positive light) response set (same answer to all the questions), halo effect (sometimes when you evaluate someone really good in one field you assume they are good in the rest)
54
types of descriptive/ correlational research
surveys, case studies, naturalistic observation
55
Statistics
using mathematics to organize, summarize, interpret data
56
everyday stats
weather network, predicting based on stats sports
57
descriptive stats
taking statistics to describe the population, organizing or summarizing (describing the population)
58
interferential stats
taking a random sample group from the population to test hypothesis and draw conclusions about the population (making predictions about the population)
59
measures of central tendency
typical or average score in a distribution
60
median
pick the score in the centre distribution
61
mean
average, some cases not accurately describing because some answers would pull it up or down
62
mode
most frequently occurring scores
63
variability
how different are the scores in the distribution
64
standard deviation
index amount of variability (high SD is answers vary a lot, low SD are similar answers)
65
Normal distribution
symmetrical, bell shaped curve, certain traits correspond with it (nose length, height, etc)
66
when does correlation exist
when 2 variables are related
67
correlation coefficient
numerical index of degree of relationship between 2 variables, 0(no relation)-1(perfect relation), positive or negative describe the direction of the relationship ** -1 is still perfect correlation
68
Positive correlation
both variables increase at the same time
69
negative correlation
variables are changing in different directions ex: lecture length and attentiveness
70
correlation coefficient of 0
scattered results, no relation
71
relation between causation and correlation
correlation shows the relationship between 2 variables but does no equal causation, we cannot determine the cause based on the correlation coefficient
72
3rd variable in correlation
2 variables might be highly correlated but not causally related, because of a third variable that is what is causing the relationship
73
statistical significance
probability that observed results are due to chance is very low (less than 5 chances in 100 or 0.05). After we collect data have to ask "what . is the likely hood that the difference is due to chance?" cant just look at the two numbers
74
Evaluating research
look at replication- can the results be duplicated? redo those experiments to see if we can get the same results, give confidence in those results
75
Meta- Analysis
a study of many other studies, go through all the studies and code them to do meta analysis to retest those same ideas, combines the statistical results of all the studies asking the same question to do the experiment with more data to get more accurate results
76
sample
collection of subjects drawn from a larger group
77
Population
larger group that the sample is drawn from
78
sampling bias- WEIRD
White, Educated, from Industrial countries, Rich, from Democratic countries
79
Representative sample
sample that represents the population accurately, equal proportions to all groups, if it isn't, the drawn conclusions do not represent society
80
placebo effect
when a participants expectations lead them to experience some positive change even though they receive empty, fake or ineffectual treatment
81
Nocebo
expect that there will be negative effects
82
Experimenter bias
expectations influence results, ex: rosenthal and fode 2 groups of research assistants were told to expect two different results for the same experiment, received the results the expected,
83
Double Blind Procedure
participant and researcher both do not know the condition of the participant
84
CPA and APA ethical standards
humans and animal subjects must be treated with dignity
85
the question of deception
history of deception in psychology, subjects are told they are being tested for one thing but are actually being tested on another, continues to be used, can be useful
86
research funding and ethics
tri-council policy on ethics, research ethics board

PSYC1013 (8 decks)

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