Flashcards in Chapter 2 Deck (86)
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Research enterprise: why psychology is empirical?
dealing with data and observations dealing with human or animal behvaiour, study a lot of different individuals to derive these basic principles
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scientific approach
psychologists use scientific approach, assume events are governed by lawful order, what the laws of behaviour are. It is a standardized way of making observations, gathering data, forming/testing theories, interpreting results
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Qualitative Research
could you tell me about x... (asking the patients to describe, interviews, etc)
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Quantitative Research
Looking at numbers and statistics etc
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Goals of Scientific Enterprise
1. measurement and description
2. Understanding and prediction
3.application and control
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Measurement and Description
goals of scientific enterprise Develop techniques to measure and describe behaviour. (ex: stress, physiological markers, for a study we can measure all or just some)
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Understanding and Prediction
a goal of scientific enterprise which variables we are testing and how we test them, also predicting the outcome
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hypothesis
a tentative statement about the relationship between two or more variables (the relationship we think exists in the variables i'm looking at, the outcome we predict or expect)
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Variables
Measurable conditions, events or characteristics, that are controlled or observed in a study (age, gender, sports, love)
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Application and control
a goal of scientific enterprise application to everyday problems, base research- foundation for other research, creating a theory
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theory
System of interrelated ideas used to explain or organize a set of observations
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Shacter
We have the same physiological effects but different feeling
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Dutton and Aron
1974- can fear increase sexual attraction? suspension bridge (scary), and low (not scary) bridge, half were sent on the scary and the other half low, after they cross met a woman who gave them her number for info then were given a TAT test, more of the men from the scary bridge called her and saw sexual themes in the TAT test. they interpreted their physical reaction to fear as sexual attraction
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TAT
Thematic Apperception Test
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Scientific Investigation steps
1. formulate testable hypothesis
2. Select research method and design study
3. collect the data
4. analyze the data and draw conclusions
5. report the findings
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Formulate testable hypothesis
first step of the scientific investigation: must be precise, variables clearly defined, operational definition: describes the actions or operations that will be used to measure or control a variable
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Select a research method and design study
second step of the scientific investigation: how should we study the question, experiments, case studies, surveys etc.
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participants or subjects
persons/ animals whose behaviour is being systematically observed
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Collect the Data
third step of scientific investigation: procedures for making empirical observations (direct, questionnaire, interview, etc)
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Analyze the data and draw conclusions
fourth step of scientific investigation: use statistical results to test hypothesis
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report the findings
fifth and final step of the scientific investigation writing the paper, published the paper (peer-reviewed journals)
Presenting the paper
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Peer reviewed journal
a periodical that published technical and scholarly material
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Advantages of Scientific Method
gives clarity and precision, suppose to be relatively intolerant to errors-- replication crisis
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Replication Crisis
research journals were publishing things that were not discovered, thats a tendency for people to only show certain results, so we want to make sure we replicate our results so we can stand firmly behind them
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Research Method:
Approach to observe, measure, manipulate and control variables in empirical studies
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What are research methods
experimental, descriptive/ correlational
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Experiment
Manipulate a variable to observe changes in a second variable (detection of cause and effect)
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Independent variable (IV)
variable tha tis manipulated or controlled
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Dependent variable (DV)
variable that is measured and thought to be affected by IV
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