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Flashcards in Chapter 5 Deck (72)
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1
Q

consciousness

A

our awareness of internal and external stimuli

2
Q

external Stimulus

A

actions and environment

3
Q

internal stimulus

A

thoughts and feelings

4
Q

levels of awareness

A

unconscious, stream of consciousness, sleep/dreaming

5
Q

sleep/ dreaming consciousness

A

when we are sleeping we are not totally unaware of what is happening around us, external factors can affect dreams can also wake us up

6
Q

mind wandering

A

peoples experience of task-unrelated thoughts, spend 15-50%, can sometimes be beneficial

7
Q

conscious vs unconscious thought

A

benefit to allowing the back of our mind to decide, focus on something else and let our conscious decide for us

8
Q

Dijksterhuis 2004

A

choosing a roommate:
one group: 4 min conscious thought to choosing roommates
other group: 4 min demanding task, unconscious thought no time to review
people given the demanding task, made a better choice and retained more information

9
Q

EEG

A

brain electrical activity, uses physiological index of consciousness, brain waves; amplitude and frequency. bind electrodes to the scalp and pick up on the potentials happening in the brain. depending on what your doing different brain activity occurs

10
Q

EEG patterns

A

beta, alpha, theta, delta

11
Q

Beta

A

frequency; 13-24

state of consciousness: normal waking thought, alert problem solving

12
Q

Alpha

A

Frequency: 8-12

state of conscious: deep relaxation, blank mind, meditation

13
Q

Theta

A

Frequency: 4-7

State of conscious: light sleep

14
Q

delta

A

Frequency: less than 4

state of conscious: deep sleep

15
Q

Circadian Rhythms

A

24 hr biological cycle (internal clock that regulates functions), consciousness is shaped by biological rhythms

16
Q

ignoring circadian rhythms

A

cause a “sleep dept”, not ideal to ignore the rhythms but eventually our bodies will want that sleep dept to be paid, associated with negative effects

17
Q

Jet Lag

A

as soon as we go tot different time zones rhythms will be disrupted, ignoring circadian rhythms, each time you cross a zone, you need a day to get used to it, expose yourself to natural light to adjust yourself

18
Q

Sport team jet lag experiment

A

when team did not travel won 46% games, when they flew west; 44%, when they flew east; 36%

19
Q

physiological pathways

A

light levels–> retina–> suprachiasmatic nucleus of hypothalamus–> pineal gland–> secreation of melatonin

20
Q

Melatonin

A

get released when light levels are lower, will increase drowsiness which will increase drive to sleep

21
Q

negative sleep effects from phone

A

wavelengths of light in the blue range, will affect light levels “night shift” will not affect these light levels

22
Q

melatonin and circadian rhythms

A

very specific dose of melatonin to adjust to time zone but its best to expose yourself to natural light and adjust naturally

23
Q

sleep/waking research instruments

A

eeg (electrical brain activity)
electromyograph (muscle activity muscle tone changes during sleep)
Electrooculograph (Eye movements REM)

24
Q

levels of sleep

A

stage 1-4 then REM, some stages of sleep linked to memory consolidation

25
Q

stage one of sleep

A

small irregular brain waves

26
Q

stage 2 of sleep

A

appearance of spindle shaped waves called sleep spindle, procedural tasks, motor based

27
Q

stage 3 and 4 of sleep

A

appearance of large, slow delta waves

28
Q

REM sleep (waves)

A

Similar to ordinary wakefulness brain waves, associated with dreams, Rapid Eye Movement, complex tasks

29
Q

Hypnic Jerk

A

muscle spasm as your falling asleep

30
Q

Trends in SLeep

A

age differences: different amount of sleep required for people of different ages, cultural differences: napping practices

31
Q

Areas in the brain involving sleep

A

ascending Reticular activating system, hypothalamus many areas and nerve chemicals involve in sleep

32
Q

why do we sleep

A

hypotheses:

1) sleep evolved to conserve organisms energy
2) immobilization during sleep is adaptive because it reduces danger
3) sleep helps animals to restore energy and other bodily resources

33
Q

sleep deprivation

A

complete deprivation in 3-4 days

partial deprivation: impaired attention, reaction, coordination, and decision making

34
Q

Selective Deprivation

A

REM and slow wave rebound effect, when we are deprived of REM sleep the brain tries to drive them into REM faster to make up for lack or REM of the past nights

35
Q

Why is sleep deprivation damaging?

A

some stages involved in memory consolidation, microsleeps

36
Q

micro-sleeps

A

happens when we are sleep deprived, it is a case where a person goes from being awake to REM for 1s-1min and not be aware

37
Q

Right amount of Sleep

A

studies suggest 7-7.5 hours of sleep have the lowest mortality rate

38
Q

sleep problems

A

insomnia, narcolepsy, sleep apnea, nightmares, night terrors, somnambulism

39
Q

insomnia

A

common, 3 types: falling asleep, staying asleep, waking up early, more common in women, increased medical problems

40
Q

pseudoinsomnia/sleep state misperception

A

reporting that they have insomnia

41
Q

hyperarousal

A

model of insomnia

42
Q

insomnia cures

A

sleep therapy and mild dose of pills tend to be useful

43
Q

narcolepsy

A

uncontrollable falling asleep, abnormal levels of hypocretin in their brain, go from being awake to asleep

44
Q

Sleep apnea

A

reflexive gasping for air leads to waking, stop breathing during sleep, lead to damage of the heart, wight gain. C-pack ensures the airways stay open, more common in men. Triple the rate of mortality

45
Q

Nightmares

A

during REM sleep, anxiety dream with a narrative correlation between nightmares and wellbeing, can lead to depression

46
Q

Night terrors

A

abrupt panicked awakening from NREM sleep, intense physiological panic. many children have them around the same time so you can wake them up right before that happens to prevent them from entering their night terror, can occur in adults but not as common

47
Q

somnambulism

A

sleep walking, slow wave stages of sleep, should wake them up and bring them to bed, tends to run in families, no connection to mental disorder, stage 3 sleep

48
Q

REM sleep behaviour disorder RBD

A

somniloquy- sleep talking
NREM- transitions
lessens with age

49
Q

Dreams

A

mental experiences during sleep, usually involve familiar content, most likely to occur in REM

50
Q

dream format

A

changes as we age: more likely to have narrative in our dreams after puberty

51
Q

cultures dreams

A

western vs Non-western interpretation of dreams some cultures put stalk in their dreams, some trends in cultures: a culture that tends to be hungry dreams of food

52
Q

lucid dream

A

in the middle of dream and realize its a dream

53
Q

impact of daily life events

A

can impact your dreams, if you dont want to dream about someone more likely you will

54
Q

Different theories of dreams

A

Dreams of Fulfillment (freud)
the problem solving view (cartwright)
Activation synthesis model (hobson)

55
Q

dreams of fulfillment

A

freud theory: the day residue shapes dreams that satisfy unconscious needs in a disguised fashion

56
Q

the problem solving view dream

A

Cartwright; we mull over major problems in our lives with reduced logical constraints

57
Q

Activation-synthesis model

A

Hobson: the cortex constructs a story to make sense of internal signals from lower brain centers

58
Q

hypnosis

A

a systematic procedure that increases suggestibility

59
Q

Mesmer

A

animal magnetism went from town to town and treid to remove ailments from people. tapping into the power of suggestion

60
Q

james Braid

A

neurypnology/ hypnotism coined the term, can harness the power of suggestion but must do so respectfully

61
Q

effects produced through hypnosis

A

anesthesia, sensory distortions and hallucinations, disinhibition, posthypnotic suggestions and amnesia ** note most people would not preform tasks they are not comfortable with while under hypnosis (aka could not be convinced to commit a crime), role playing (some people believe they are acting), altered state of conscious, dissociation of conscious

62
Q

meditation

A

practices that train attention to heighten awareness and bring mental processes under greater voluntary control

63
Q

psychoactive drugs

A

chemical substances that modify mental, emotional, or behavioural functioning

64
Q

6 categories of of psychoactive drugs

A

1) narcotics- pain relief, euphoria, relaxation
2) sedatives-sleep induce, relaxation, anxiety reduced
3) stimulants-increase CNS activity, excitement, energy, alert
4) hallucinogens- sensory and perceptual distortions
5) Cannabis- mild relaxed euphoria, enhanced awareness
6) alcohol- relaxed euphoria, decrease inhibitions

65
Q

blood alcohol concentration

A

0.05 trouble, 0.08 legal limit

66
Q

alcohol poisoning

A

depresses nerves involved in breathing and gag reflexes

67
Q

sobering up

A

none of the “tactics” aka cold shower, eating, etc actually work, body needs to digest and let it leave the system

68
Q

factors influencing drug effects

A

expectations, age, body size, mood, tolerance

69
Q

endocannabinoid receptors

A

naturally occurring receptors which thc and elements relating to cannabis bind. Activity at these receptor sites relate to experience of munchies, preventing reuptake ensure DA and NE are present in synapse, most drugs have DA relation.

70
Q

drug dependance

A

physical dependence (withdrawal symptoms), psychological dependence(anxiety, stress etc.)

71
Q

drugs and health

A

overdose, physiological damage(direct physical damage longterm), health-impaired behaviours (more likely to be involved with this drug use, needles, drunk driving, fighting)

72
Q

Mesolimbic dopaminergic pathway

A

inervation leads to addiction of stopping drug