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PSYC1013 > chapter 7 > Flashcards

chapter 7 Flashcards

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1
Q

attention

A

focusing awareness on a narrowed set of stimuli

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2
Q

selective attention

A

selection of input

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3
Q

next in line effect

A

need to think of what your going to say so you dont pay attention to the people before you in line, if your focusing on yourself, even if you processed the information you probably wont encode it

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4
Q

coding information process

A

stimulus– sensory detection– recognition of meaning– response selection– response

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5
Q

early selection

A

ignore surrounding input, no access to meaning (filters from sensory detection and recognition)

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6
Q

Late selection

A

cocktail party phenomenon, hear you name despite ignoring surrounding conversation (filter between recognition of meaning and response selection)

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7
Q

Levels of processing

A

shallow, intermediate, deep

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8
Q

deeper processing

A

longer lasting memory codes (craik and lockhart)

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9
Q

shallow processing

A

structural encoding (emphasizes the physical structure of the stimulus) ex is the word in capital letters

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10
Q

Intermediate processing

A

Phonemic encoding (emphasizes what a word sounds like) ex: what words rhyme with it

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11
Q

Deep processing

A

Semantic encoding (Emphasizes the meaning of verbal input) Ex: what would would fit in the sentence?

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12
Q

depth of processing in comparison to words recognized

A

structural is very little and semantic is a high percentage of recognition — the way you process information impacts how you will remember

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13
Q

elaboration

A

linking a stimulus to other information at encoding (idea is that if trying to remember a et of items you are more likely to remember if you link the items together, also people given more examples of the material are more likely to remember the information)

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14
Q

Self-referent encoding

A

make it personally meaningful, we remember things related to ourselves

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15
Q

visual imagery

A

creation of visual images to represent words to be remembered

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16
Q

Eidetic

A

photographic memory

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17
Q

Paivio and colleagues theory

A

high imagery words vs low imagery words:
high imagery: concrete, can come up with a solid picture (ex dress)
low imagery: abstract, hard to come up with a picture (ex duty)
STUDY; gave people list of of words in pairs, either high-high, high-low, low-low
higher imagery words were recalled better
SUGGESTION; using dual coding theory (use two codes to remember) if you can create a mental image it can help you remember

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18
Q

2 analogies for maintaining memory

A

information storage in wax or computer

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19
Q

Wax theory

A

old philosophers thought of memory like a block of wax , the bigger your block was the better your memory, memories were imprints on the block

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20
Q

Modern theory of maintaining information in memory

A

you process information similar to how a computer would

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21
Q

information processing Theories

A

subdivide memory into 3 different stores : sensory, short term and long term
if we pay attention to sensory it will become short term, then if we focus on it, it will move on to long term

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22
Q

Sensory Memory (info-processing theory)

A

brief preservation of information in original sensory form, (short period of time, all the information is available to us, info is maintained for varying time lengths depending on sense organ)

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23
Q

iconic sensory

A

visual representation (access for 1/4 second)

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24
Q

echoic sensory

A

auditory memory, lasts for about 4-5 seconds

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25
Sperlings experiment on visual sensory store
display of letters for very short period of time, then a tone plays (either high medium or low) signals which row of letters to report... people could remember better if the tone played very soon after vs if the tone played a second later-- as people had already lost visual information
26
short term memory
limited duration- approx. 20 seconds without rehearsal, allow us to temporarily hold onto memory in a limited amount of capacity
27
Rehearsal
process of repetitively verbalizing/thinking about information
28
Peterson and Peterson (1959)
1. green light signal for trial to begin, 2. stimulus presentation (3 letters, 3 digits) 3. retention interval (subject counts backward by 3 for a time period) 4. Recall signal and report (red light, recall letters) * *short term memory maxes out at approx. 20 seconds without active rehearsal (if you cant rehearse the letters, wont remember)
29
Interference (peterson and peterson)
the numbers interfere with the memory process of the letters, if the interference includes letters, people generally do even worse
30
limited capacity
magical number 7 plus or minus 2 (old view *60s)- people could remember 7 things in STM
31
recent view of STM capacity
Limited to as few as 4 items, as opposed to the 5-9 george miller suggested in the 60s
32
Chunking
grouping familiar stimuli for storage as a single unit, by organizing information a certain way (unit) it will allow us to remember better (ex. fbicbcctv.... FBI CBC CTV)
33
Baddley (1986) STM theory
"working memory" focusing on holding information to use it in a certain way, proposed that we have different parts that compose the STM (phonological rehearsal loop, executive control system, visuospatial sketch pad, episodic buffer)
34
Phonological Rehearsal Loop
really important for learning second language, auditory information- repeat
35
Visuospatial sketch pad
visual and spatial in nature, using both kinds of information, ex. recognizing living room
36
Executive control system
what we pay attention to, commanding how we use information, ex. reorganizing living room
37
Episodic Buffer
bringing information from long term in conjunction with short term memory, linked to creativity, musical ability, reading comprehension etc.
38
Long term memory
unlimited* capacity store that holds information for a long time * is it permanent, will it always be available?
39
Wilder Penfield
keep people awake during neuro surgery and stimulate parts of the cortex using small electrical impulses, see their reactions-- he said that memory is there permanently we just need right stimulus
40
Flash bulb memory
think we have a crisp memory of a specific event, almost like a taking a picture of these events, but research suggests that we dont actually have a clear image of these memories, memory is not permanently stored but modified over time
41
hypnosis
example study, researcher asked participants to tell him memories of their childhood, but these memories were not actually true, hypnosis can help get rid of negative memories that we want to forget
42
conceptual heriarchy
help our memory by organizing it (levels get more specific as they progress)
43
methods to organize memory
clustering, conceptual hierarchy, schemas, scripts, semantic network
44
schemas
organizing cluster of knowledge about an object or event, help recall information but can sometimes lead to remembering something that did not actually happen ** remember events that dont fit with out schemas or scripts
45
scripts
special type of schema, these are the types of event that happen in scenario, expectations
46
semantic network
consists of nodes representing concepts, joined together by links between concepts (information is connected in some way, things that are associated will be activated relatively) **word map
47
tip of the tongue
retrieval failure
48
retrieval cues
stimuli that help gain access to memories
49
recalling an event
use context cues (reinstate the context of the original memory-- retrace your steps, can also be related to mood, location etc)
50
why does memory retrieval fail?
memories are reconstructed which often leads to errors Ex: war of ghosts, elizabeth loftus
51
war of ghosts
participants read the story twice and we asked to remember details of the story, but they remember the gist and then would change some details of the story
52
Elizabeth Loftus
misinformation effect- post-event information disrupts memory (she asked "how fast were the cars going when they HIT" and "...when they SMASHED", then proceeded to ask if they saw broken glass, the results showed that the SMASH group reported 32% yes and the HIT 14%... no broken glass
53
source monitoring
if you misattribute the source of the information, source monitoring incorrect
54
reality monitoring
did that actually happen? real memories vs false memories
55
destination memory
retold stories, who we tell the story to (told someone the same story multiple times)
56
serial position effects
better recall for items at the beginning and end of a list (primary effect- beginning, recency effect- last thing in your brain)
57
Ebbinghaus forgetting curve
ebbinghaus was interested in how memory works but mostly how we forget, experiment: try to remember triplets of letters to see if he memorized it and how long he would be able to recall. how much he could remember as a function of retention interval, dropped 45 percent retention within the first 20 mins and continues to drop for the month **it was nonsense material not autobiographical
58
retention
the proportion of material retained
59
relearning
if the info is in memory it will help you
60
recall
ask people to recall without cues
61
recognition
able to distinguish between new and already in memory
62
retention interval
the time between the encounter with the info and when they are asked to recall it
63
measuring retention: recognition vs recall
recall tends to decrease at a faster rate, recognition is more efficient
64
why do we forget
ineffective encoding, decay theory, interference theory
65
pseudoforgetting
due to lack of attention
66
decay theory
forgetting that occurs due to fading of memory traces (note that there are differences in using this with respect to longterm and short term memory)
67
interference theory
retroactive (new learning interferes with old) and proactive (old learning interferes with new) interference impairment of earlier learned information, studying similar information will impair both
68
encoding specificity principle
effectiveness of a retrieval cue depends on how well it corresponds to a memory code (context dependent memory- how context affects memory; generally mismatch between study and test environment will lead to worse results, a match between study context and test context will help memory)
69
motivated forgetting
forgetting things that you dont want to remember
70
repression
burying distressing thoughts/ feelings in the unconscious, freud talked about repression-push down memories that were negative would not have an effect on conscious
71
controversy: repressed memories or false memories
people who suffered abuse early in their lives have mixed results; repressed memories that we recovered but NOT TRUE, and repressed memories that were recovered, sometimes hard to differentiate between true and false
72
memory illusion
easy to create a memory illusion aka remembering something that didnt happen Deese-roediger-mcdermott
73
Deese, Roediger and McDermott paradigm
gave a sample of related words then asked participants to state whether the word was in the list: words on the list: 85% accuracy, unrelated words: less than 5%, related words: 82%
74
physiology of memory
Storing memories is related to changes in our synapses searching for a memory trace, changes in the brain underline memory (changes in synaptic transmission), localized neural circuits (long-term potentiation)
75
long term potentiation
lasting increase in neural excitability, more likely to excite other neurons (days, days, months)
76
areas in the brain associated with memory
amygdala, hippocampus (dentate gyrus--neurogenesis) Medial temporal lobe: hippocampus and surrounding structures are apparent in forming long term memories prefrontal cortex; executive function and attention (phonological info) visual spatial sketch pas- right side sounds of words- left side
77
non-declarative/ procedural memories
kinds of skills that can last a long time but might not be able to describe, thinking about it is not always helpful, just let procedural memory work (flow) (ex. passwords)
78
Implicit memories
memories we do not consciously remember
79
explicit memories
declarative memories, requires effort and attention to bring up
80
semantic memory system
general knowledge, facts etc
81
episodic memory system
dated recollection of personal experiences, autobiographical memory
82
Retrograde amnesia
loss of memory of events before amnesia onset (KC: onset occured in motorcycle accident but many previous head injuries, no real lasting memory or recollection of things that happened before the head injury)
83
anterograde amnesia
loss of events after amnesia onset, importance of consolidation (h.m: after brain surgey could no longer form memories, suggestion that because the hippocampus was removed that was the structure important for memory, and cerebellum was linked to procedural bc HM still had procedural and cerebellum was not damaged)
84
retrospective memory
anything that happened in the past
85
prospective memory
memories for things that will happen in the future
86
hyperthymestic syndrome
highly superior autobiographical memory, can remember personal experiences in extreme detail, tend to have average iq, history of mental illness

PSYC1013 (8 decks)

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