Chapter 1 Flashcards by Kaelin Alumbaugh

Anatomy

Structure

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Gross/Macroscopic Anatomy

Subcategories

The study of large body structures visible to the naked eye

3 subcategories: regional, systemic, surface anatomy

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Regional anatomy

All the structures in a particular region of the body studied at the same time

Subcategory of gross/macroscopic anatomy

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Systemic anatomy

Studied system by system

Subcategory of gross/macroscopic anatomy

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Surface anatomy

The study of internal structures as they relate to the overlying skin surface

Subcategory of gross/macroscopic anatomy

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Microscopic anatomy

Subcategories

Structures too small to be seen with the naked eye

Subcategories: cytology and histology

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Cytology

Studies cells of the body

Subcategory of microscopic anatomy

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Histology

Study of Tissue

Subcategory of microscopic anatomy

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Developmental Anatomy

Subcategories

Traces structural changes that occur throughout the lifespan

Subcategory: embryology

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Embryology

Developmental changes that occur before birth

Subcategory of developmental anatomy

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Physiology

Function

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Complementarity

How anatomy and physiology work together

Function always reflects structure

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Levels of Structural Organization

Chemical
Organelle
Cell
Tissue
Organ
Organ system
Organism

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Types of Tissue

Epithelium
Muscle
Connective
Nervous

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Organ Systems

Definition and Types

Organs work together to accomplish a common purpose

Respiratory
Urinary
Nervous
Muscular
Reproductive
Skeletal
Lymphatic
Integumentary
Digestive
Endocrine
Cardiovascular

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Requirements for Life (7)

Maintaining Boundaries
Responsiveness
Digestion
Excretion
Reproduction
Growth
Movement

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Survival Needs (5)

Nutrients
Oxygen
Water
Normal body temp (98.7)
Atmospheric pressure

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Homeostasis

The ability to maintain stability inside while the outside changes

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Components of Homeostasis

Receptor: monitors the environment and responds to changes

Control Center: determines the set point

Effector: provides the means for the control centers response to the stimulus

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Types of Nutrients

Carbs
Protein
Lipids/fats
Vitamins/minerals

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Negative VS Positive feedback

Negative: output shuts off original effect

Positive: output enhances or exaggerates the original stimulus

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Anatomical Position

Body erect
Feet slightly apart
Palms forward
Thumbs away from body

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Superior or _____________

Cranial

Toward the head end or upper part of the body; above

Inferior or ____________

Caudal

Away from the head end or toward the lower part of the body; below

Anterior or _________

Ventral Toward or at the front of the body; in front of

Posterior or ______________

Dorsal Toward or at the back of the body; behind

Medial

Toward or at the midline of the body; on the inner side of

Lateral

Away from the midline of the body; on the outer side of

Intermediate

Between a more medial and a more lateral structure

Proximal

Closer to the origin of the body part or the point of attachment

Distal

Farther from the origin of a body part or the point of attachment

Superficial or ___________

External Toward or at the body surface

Deep or ____________

Internal Away from the body surface

Sagittal Plane

Vertical plane that divides the body into left and right parts

Frontal or __________ Plane

Coronal Vertical plane that divides the body into anterior and posterior parts

Transverse Plane

Horizontal plane that divides the body into superior and inferior parts

Oblique Sections

Cuts made diagonally between the horizontal and vertical planes

Dorsal Cavity Definition and Subcavities

Protects the nervous system organ Cranial cavity: encases the brain Vertebral cavity: encases the spine

Ventral Cavity Subcavities

Thoracic Cavity: chest - 2 pleural cavities (lungs) - Mediastinum - Pericardial: encloses the heart Abdominopelvic Cavity - Abdominal cavity: contains the stomach, intestines, spleen, liver, and other organs - Pelvic cavity: contains the urinary bladder, some reproductive organs, and the rectum

Denature

Break down protein by acid, base, heat, radiation, etc. Happens in tertiary structure

Where is hemoglobin found?

In the Quaternary Structure

Atom

Combines to form molecules

Molecule

Associate to form organelles

Organelle

Basic component of cells

Cells

Smallest unit of living things

Tissue

Groups of similar cells that have a common function

Epithelial Tissue

Covers the body surface and lines its cavities

Muscle Tissue

Provides movement

Connective Tissue

Supports and protects body organs

Nervous Tissue

Provides a means of rapid internal communication by transmitting electrical pulses

Organs

Are composed of at least two different types of tissue More commonly 4 types

Carbs

Primary source of fuel

Protein

Builds structure

Lipids/fats

Insulation Builds Structure Cushions Organs Stores Fuel

Vitamins/Minerals

Chemical Reactions | Oxygen Transport