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Anatomy and Physiology > Chapter 3 > Flashcards

Chapter 3 Flashcards

1
Q

Plasma Membrane

A

Separates two of the body’s major fluid compartments

  • the intracellular fluid and the extracellular fluid
  • plays a dynamic role in cellular activity
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2
Q

______ _______ model = _______ ________

A

fluid mosaic model = lipid bilayer

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3
Q

Lipid Bilayer

Contains:

A

forms the basic “fabric” of the membrane

Contains: phospholipids, glycolipids, and cholesterol

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4
Q

Phospholipids

A

Polar head is charged and hydrophillic; lie on inner and outer surfaces

Nonpolar tail that is hydrophobic; line up in the center
- made up of two fatty acid chains

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5
Q

Glycolipids

A

Account for about 5% of total membrane lipids

Lipids with a carb attached

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6
Q

Cholesterol

A

Makes up about 20% of membrane lipids

Polar and nonpolar regions

Stabilizes membrane

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7
Q

Membrane Proteins

A

Integral proteins: firmly inserted into the lipid bilayer

Peripheral proteins: not embedded into the lipid bilayer; attach loosely to integral proteins

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8
Q

Proteins can be

A

Carriers, channels, or receptors

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9
Q

Glycocalyx

Involvement in Embryonic Development

Involvement in Cancer

Involvement with Reproduction

Involvement with Blood

A

Branching sugar groups

Guide embryonic cells to destination in the body

Is altered or changed so the body knows it needs to be destroyed

Helps sperm find the egg

Compatibility with blood types

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10
Q

Glycoprotein

A

Protein with a carb attached

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11
Q

Cell Junctions

A

Tight junction
Desmosomes
Gap junction

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12
Q

Tight Junction

A

A series of integral protein molecules in the plasma membranes of adjacent cells fuse together

  • forms an impermeable junction that encircles the cell
  • found in the digestive tract
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13
Q

Desmosomes

A

Anchoring junctions

  • scattered along the sides of adjacent cells
  • prevents separation
  • found in the skin muscle
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14
Q

Gap Junction or ________

A

Nexus: communicating junctions between adjacent cells

  • cells are connected by hollow cylinders (connexons)
  • Allows chemical substances to pass between cells
  • Found in the heart
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15
Q

Connexons

A

Hollow cylinders that connect cells

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16
Q

Passive Membrane Transport

A

Diffusion

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17
Q

Diffusion

Types

A

The movement of particles down or along their concentration gradient
- HIGH TO LOW

Simple diffusion
Facilitated diffusion
Osmosis

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18
Q

Simple Diffusion

A

Diffusion of nonpolar and lipid soluble substances

- deals with the transport of oxygen, Co2, fats, and urea

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19
Q

Facilitated Diffusion

A

Transported substances bind to carrier proteins or pass through water filled protein channels
- transport of glucose, amino acids, and ions

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20
Q

Osmosis

A

Water

  • occurs when the concentration of a solvent is different of opposite sides of a membrane
  • diffusion water a cross a semipermeable membrane
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21
Q

Tonicity

Types

A

How a solution affects cell volume

Isotonic
Hypertonic
Hypotonic

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22
Q

Isotonic Tonicity

A

Solutions with the same solute concentration as that of the cytosol
- Shape stays the same

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23
Q

Hypertonic Tonicity

A

Solutions having greater solute concentration than that of the cytosol
- Shrinks (crenate)

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24
Q

Hypotonic Tonicity

A

Solutions having lesser solute concentration than that of the cytosol
-swells, eventually bursts

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25
Filtration
The passage of water and solutes through a membrane by hydrostatic pressure - kidney Pressure gradient pushes solute-containing fluid from a greater pressure area to a lower pressure area
26
Active Membrane Transport
Primary active transport secondary active transport vesicular transport
27
Symport VS Antirport System
Symport: substances move in the same direction Antiport: substances move in opposite directions
28
Primary Active Transport
Hydrolysis of ATP Sodium Potassium Pump (Na+ -K+)
29
Sodium Potassium Pump
Na+ -K+ Pump Step 1: 3 sodium binds to pump from the inside Step 2: ATP binds to pump on the inside Step 3: ATP becomes ADP - causes pump to turn on Step 4: confirmation change - opens to the other side Step 5: sodium is released Step 6: 2 potassium bind from the outside Step 7: phosphate is kicked off Step 8: confirmation change
30
Secondary Active Transport What type of passive transport is closely related to active transport?
Takes advantage of primary active transport - EX: sodium glucose symport and sodium calcium antiport Facilitated diffusion
31
What makes active transport different from passive?
Needs ATP Opposite concentration
32
Vesicular Transport
large particles are transported across cellular membranes into the cell and out of the cell Exocytosis Endocytosis
33
Exocytosis
Transports out of the cell Typically releases neurotransmitters, hormones, mucus, waste
34
Endocytosis
Transports into the cell Phagocytosis Pinocytosis Receptor-mediated endocytosis
35
Phagocytosis
engulfs large or solid material "cell eating" - typically bacteria, cell debris, or inanimate particles
36
Pinocytosis
infolding plasma membrane surround extracellular fluid containing dissolved molecules "cell drinking" AKA fluid-phase endocytosis
37
Receptor-Mediated Endocytosis
allows cells to concentrate material that is present only in small amounts in the extracellular fluid
38
Cytoplasm
Material between the plasma membrane and the nucleus
39
Cytosol
Fluid in which cytoplasmic elements are suspended
40
Organelles
Metabolic Machinery of the cell ``` Mitochondria Nucleus Ribosomes Rough ER Smooth ER Golgi Apparatus Lysosomes Peroxisomes Cilia Flagellum Chromatin ```
41
Mitochondria
provides most of the cell's ATP
42
Nucleus
control center; stores DNA
43
Ribosomes
site of protein synthesis | -free and bound ribosomes
44
Rough ER
protein synthesis occurs on the ribosomes attaches to RER
45
Smooth ER
Continuous with RER; lipid synthesis
46
Golgi Apparatus
Packing of proteins and lipids, stacked and flattened shape
47
Lysosomes
Breakdown glycogen, bacteria, and toxins
48
Peroxisomes
Resembles small lysosomes; deals with detoxification
49
Cilia
whip-like; typically in large numbers on the exposed surfaces of cells
50
Flagellum
longer than cilia | only found in sperm
51
Chromatin
threadlike strands of DNA and histones - arranged in fundamental units called nucleosomes - form condensed, bar-like bodies of chromosomes when the nucleus starts to divide
52
Mitosis
the division of the nucleus - one cell to two cells (daughter cells) - Diploid to diploid
53
Phases of Mitosis
Interphase - chromosomes double - preparing for mitosis Prophase - chromosomes condense - you can "see" the chromosomes Metaphase - chromosomes line up in the middle of the cell Anaphase - sister chromatids split and are pulled in opposite directions Telophase - new sets of chromosomes, new nuclear membrane Cytokinesis: cleavage furrow, cytoplasm divides by pinching the cell apart
54
Meiosis
chromosomes replicate then pair up | - diploid to haploid
55
Phases of Meiosis
Meiosis I - homologous pairs split - 2 new cells form - crossing over occurs Meiosis II - sister chromatids split - 4 cells
56
Meiosis __ resembles
II; Mitosis
57
Spermatogensis
production of sperm
58
Oogenesis
production of the ovum (egg)
59
Genes
section of a chromosome responsible for a specific trait
60
Alleles
different forms of a gene

Anatomy and Physiology (13 decks)

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