Chapter 12, 13, 14 Flashcards
1
Q
What is the largest portion of the brain?
A
The Cerebrum
2
Q
What makes up 40% of brain mass?
A
The Cerebral Cortex
3
Q
The cerebral cortex enables
A
- Sensation
- Communication
- Memory
- Understanding
- Voluntary movements
4
Q
In the cerebral cortex, each hemisphere acts
A
Contralaterally
5
Q
Contralaterally means
A
Each hemisphere controls the opposite side of the body
6
Q
T/F The hemisphere are equal in function
A
False; They are not equal
7
Q
The three types of functional areas are
A
- Motor areas
- Sensory areas
- Association areas
8
Q
Hemispheres are separated by
A
The longitudinal fissure
9
Q
Hemispheres have three basic regions
A
- Cortex
- White matter
- Basal nuclei
10
Q
What lobe(s) deal with motor areas?
A
Frontal Lobe
11
Q
What lobe(s) deal with sensory areas?
A
Parietal lobe
Occipital lobe
Temporal lobe
12
Q
The frontal lobe contains
A
- Primary motor cortex
- Premotor cortex
- Broca’s area
- Frontal eye field
13
Q
The primary motor cortex allows
A
Conscious control of precise, skilled voluntary movements of skeletal movement
14
Q
The premotor cortex controls
A
Learned, repetitious, or patterned motor skills
15
Q
What coordinates muscle groups?
A
The Premotor cortex
16
Q
Broca’s area is a motor speech area that
A
Directs muscles of the tongue
17
Q
When is Broca’s area active?
A
As a person prepares to speak
18
Q
Where is Broca’s area present?
A
In one hemisphere, usually LEFT hemisphere only
19
Q
Frontal eye field controls
A
Voluntary eye movement
20
Q
The parietal lobe consists of
A
- Primary somatosensory cortex
2. Somatosensory association cortex
21
Q
The primary somatosensory cortex receives
A
Information from the skin and skeletal muscles
22
Q
The somatosensory association cortex integrates
A
Sensory input, temperature, and pressure
23
Q
The somatosensory association cortex determines
A
Size, texture, and relationship of parts
24
Q
The Occipital lobe consists of
A
- Primary visual cortex
2. Visual association area
25
The primary visual cortex receives
Information from the retina of the eye
26
The visual association area interprets
Visual stimuli (color, form, and movement)
27
How does the visual association area interpret visual stimuli?
Using past experience
28
The Temporal lobe consists of
1. Primary auditory cortex
2. Auditory association area
3. Vestibular cortex
4. Olfactory cortex
5. Gustatory cortex
6. Visceral Sensory area
29
The primary auditory cortex receives
Information from the inner ear related to pitch, rhythm, and loudness
30
The auditory association area stores
Memories of sounds and permits perception of sound
31
The vestibular cortex deals with
Balance and position of the head
32
The olfactory cortex deals with
Smell and impulses from olfactory tracts
33
The gustatory cortex deals with
Taste
34
The Visceral sensory area deals with
Conscious perception of visceral sensation (upset stomach, full bladder)
35
Aphasias is
Speech and language disorders due to injury or stroke
36
What happens if there is left (frontal) damage in Broca's area?
Poor speech, but able to understand speech
37
Wernickes area helps with
Sounding out unfamiliar words
38
What happens if there is left (temporal) damage in Wernicke's area?
Rapid speech without meaning, unable to understand language - written or spoken
39
Written words are where
Information from visual cortex project into Wernicke's area
40
Spoken words are where
Information from auditory area projects to Wernicke's area
41
Speech is where a concept of words
Originate in Wernicke's area then sent to Broca's areas then to motor cortex
42
What are the two types of long term memory?
Nondeclarative and Declarative
43
Nondeclarative long term memory is also called
Implicit
44
Declarative long term memory is also called
Explicit
45
Nondeclarative long term memory deals with
Skills and conditioning (tying a shoe lace)
46
T/F Nondeclarative long term memory requires conscious thought
False; it does not
47
Declarative long term memory is
Verbalized memories
48
Declarative long term memory is divided into
Semantic and Episodic
49
Consolidation from short term to long term is a function of the
Medial temporal lobe
50
Damage to the left medial temporal lobe
Impairs verbal memory
51
Damage to right medial temporal lobe
Impairs nonverbal; Can't recognize faces
52
Amygdala helps with the memory of
Fear responses
53
The left inferior frontal lobe helps with
Math calculations
54
Prefrontal cortex helps with
Complex problem solving, planning activities
55
Lateral prefrontal damage
Lack of motivation and sexual desire
56
In multimodal association areas, information flows from (1) to (2) to a (3) then to the (4)
(1) Sensory receptors
(2) Primary sensory cortex
(3) Sensory association cortex
(4) Multimodal association
57
What do multimodal association areas do with information?
They give meaning to it, store it, tie it to previous experiences and knowledge, and decide what action to take
58
Multimodal association areas receive (1) and receive (2)
(1) Different types of sensory input
| (2) Input from widespread sources
59
Anterior association area deals with
1. Intellect
2. Learning
3. Personality
4. Judgement
5. reasoning
6. Persistence
7. Planning
60
The anterior association area is apart of the
Frontal lobe
61
The Posterior association areas are parts of
The temporal, parietal, and occipital lobes
62
The posterior association areas help with
Recognizing patterns and faces
63
People with damage to the posterior association areas on the right side of the brain
Refuse to wash or dress the left side of their body because "that doesn't belong to me"
64
The Limbic association area plays a role in
Emotional ipmact
65
What connects two hemispheres?
Commissures
66
What is an examples of a commissure?
Corpus Callosum
67
What connects different parts of the same hemisphere?
Association fibers
68
What connects the lower brain or cord centers to and from the cortex?
Projection fibers
69
Secondary brain vesicles
```
Telencephalon
Diencephalon
Mesencephalon
Metencephalon
Myelencephalon
```
70
The diencephalon is composed of
Thalamus, hypothalamus, and epithalamus
71
The hypothalamus plays a role in (7)
1. Endocrine system control
2. Autonomic control center
3. Body temperature regulation
4. Hunger/satiety
5. Thirst
6. Sleep/wake cycles
7. Emotional response center
72
Functional systems are
Limbic system
| Reticular activating system
73
The limbic system is the
Emotional brain
74
The limbic system can use ______ to link to and recall memories
Smells
75
The reticular activating system's function is
Alertness
76
Examples of how the reticular activating system works are
1. Parent's hearing their kids voice in a crowd
| 2. Hearing someone say your name while you're sleeping
77
What covers and protects the CNS?
Meninges
78
Meninges contain
Cerebrospinal fluid
79
Dura mater is
Tough and leathery
80
Arachnoid mater is
Web-like
81
Arachnoid mater secures to
Pia mater
82
Arachnoid mater contains
Cerebrospinal fluid and blood vessels
83
Pia mater is
Delicate tissue and minute blood vessels
84
Pia mater clings to
Brain tissue
85
Crebrospinal fluid helps
Nourish the brain
86
Meningitis is what kind of infection?
Bacterial or viral infection
87
Meningitis is the
Inflammation of the meninges
88
Symptoms of meningitis are
Intense headache and fever
Sensitivity to light
Muscular rigidity
89
Hydrocephalus is the
Blocked drainage of CSF
90
Hydrocephalus is where
Fluid accumulates in the brain, enlarging the head and possibly causing brain damage
91
Hydrocephalus is typically seen in
Younger children
92
What is the treatment for hydrocephalus?
A shunt is inserted into the neck or stomach to relieve pressure
93
A concussion is an
Alteration in brain function following a blow to the head
94
Symptoms of a concussion are
Dizziness, may lose consciousness
95
A contusion is
Bruising of the brain
96
A contusion can cause
Permanent neurologic damage
97
With a brain stem contusion, what can occur?
A coma, possibly permanent
98
With a subdural/subarachnoid hemorrhage, a person will be
Initially lucid, then deteriorate
99
What must happen to help someone with a subdural hemorrhage?
Hematoma must be removed
100
Cerebral edema is
Swelling in the brain caused by the presence of extra fluid
101
Alzheimers disease is
Mental deterioration caused by generalized degeneration of the brain
102
One form of alzheimers is from an
Inherited mutation in a specific gene
103
Parkinson's is the
Degeneration of dopamine releasing neurons of the substantia nigra
104
Huntington's disease is a
Fatal hereditary disease
105
Huntington's is where
Brain cells degenerate causing dementia
106
In Huntington's, ____________ accumulates in brain cells and tissue dies
Mutant Huntington protein
107
What are the symptoms of Huntington's?
Wild jerky movements, mental decline
108
What is the life expectancy with Huntingtons?
Fatal within 15 years of onset of symptoms
