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Anatomy and Physiology > Chapter 5 > Flashcards

Chapter 5 Flashcards

1
Q

Epidermis

Function

A

Composed of keratinized stratified squamous epithelium
4-5 layers
Cells on top are very flat and keratinized (dead)
Protect from foreign particles, water, and heat loss

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2
Q

Keratinocytes

A 
Produce the fibrous protein keratin
Desmosomes connect them
arise from deepest part of epidermis from cells that are continuously in mitosis
dead at the surface
life 25-45 days
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3
Q

Melanocytes

A

Produce and synthesize melanin
found in deep layers
pigment shields nucleus of keratinocytes from UV

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4
Q

Langerhans’ Cell

A

AKA dendritic cells
machrophages that arise from bone marrow and migrate to epidermis
extend among the surrounding keratinocytes
plays a part in skin immune system

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5
Q

Merkel Cells

A

AKA Tactile Cells
Function as touch receptors
All are associated with a nerve ending

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6
Q

Variation in thickness of _______ depends on

A

epidermis; thin or thick skin

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7
Q

_____ skin has ___________ than _________ skin

A

thin; less layers; thick

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8
Q

Thick and thin skin refer to

A

only the epidermis

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9
Q

Thick skin

A

palms, fingertips, and soles of feet

Thickest skin is found on the upper back

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10
Q

Layers of the Epidermis

A 
Stratum Basale 
Stratum Spinosum
Stratum Granulosum
Stratum Lucidum
Stratum Corneum
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11
Q

Stratum Basale

  • Attached
  • Made of
  • types of cells
A 
AKA Basal layer
deepest epidermal layer
- firmly attached to the dermis
single row of the youngest keratinocytes
cells undergo rapid division
- Stratum germinativum
25% are melanocytes and occasional merkel cells
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12
Q

Stratum Spinosum

A

AKA Prickly layer
cells contain web-like system of intermediate filaments attached to desmosomes
abundant melanin granules and Langerhans’ cells
cells begin to die above this layer

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13
Q

Stratum Granulosum

A 
AKA Granular Layer
thin; 1-5 cell layers dies
keratinization
Keratohyalin and lamellated granules accumulate in cells
Plasma membrane becomes thick
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14
Q

Keratinization

A

Cells fill with keratin

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15
Q

Stratum Lucidum

A

AKA Clear Layer
thin, transparent band
consists of a few rows of flat, dead keratinocytes
PRESENT ONLY IN THICK SKIN

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16
Q

Stratum Corneum

A 
AKA Horny Layer
Outermost layer of keratinized cells
- filled with keratin
-cornified cells, tough
20-30 cell layers thick
accounts for three quarters of the epidermal thickness
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17
Q

Dermis

A

contains strong, flexible connective tissue
mainly dense irregular connective tissue

embedded with collagen, elastin, and reticular fibers
supplied with nerve fibers, blood vessels, lymphatic vessels

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18
Q

Epidermis cell types

A

Keratinocytes
Melanocytes
Merkel Cells
Langerhans’ cells

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19
Q

Melanin

A 
Reddish yellow to brownish black
Everyone has same amount of melanin
Freckles and moles: clumps of melanin
Responsible for dark skin colors
protect skin from UV radiation
found only in the deep layer of the epidermis
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20
Q

Mitosis occurs in which layer

A

Stratum Basale

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21
Q

Functions of the Stratum Corneum

A
  • waterproofing
  • protection from abrasion
  • body insensitive to biological, chemical, and physical assaults
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22
Q

Dermis cell types

A

Fibroblasts
Macrophages
Occasionally mast cells and white blood cells

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23
Q

Dermis Layers

A

Papillary Layer

Reticular Layer

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24
Q

Papillary Layer

A 
thin
Areolar connective tissue with collagen and elastic fibers
Dermal Paillae
Many blood vessels
Part of dermis
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25
Dermal Papillae
``` Peg-like projections of the superior surface Contain - capillary loops - Meissner's corpuslces - free nerve endings ``` arranged in definite patterns on hands and feet (epidermal ridges)
26
Meissner's Corpuscles
touch receptor in skin that lack hair | palms, soles, lips, eyelids, genitals
27
Reticular Layer
Accounts for about 80% of the thickness of the dermis collagen fibers add strength and resiliency elastin fibers provide stretch-recoil properties
28
Where are stretch marks formed
in tears in the reticular layer
29
Hypodermis
Subcutaneous layer deep to the skin Composed of adipose and areolar connective tissue not part of the skin superficial fascia anchors skin to underlying tissue (usually muscle)
30
Functions of the Hypodermis
Shock absorber | Insulator
31
Half o the body's fat stores are
in the hypodermis
32
Pigments involved in skin color
Melanin Carotene Hemoglobin
33
Carotene
yellow to orange pigment most obvious on palms and soles of feet found in stratum corneum and fatty tissue of the hypodermis
34
Hemoglobin
reddish pigment | located in red blood cells in dermal capillaries
35
Cyanosis
blue | heart, respiratory failure
36
Redness
``` embarrassment fever hypertension inflammation allergy ```
37
Pallor
pale fear, anger, other emotional stress anemia or low blood pressure
38
Jaundice
Yellow | Liver disorder
39
Bronzing
Metallic Appearance | Addison's disease
40
Black and Blue Marks
Bruises | reveals where blood escaped from circulation and clotted beneath the skin
41
Sweat glads
Sudoriferous Glands Eccrine sweat glands Apocrine sweat glands Ceruminous sweat glands Mammary glands
42
Eccrine sweat glands
Merocrine sweat glands Most numerous Abundant on palms and soles of feet and forehead thermoregulation (sweating) 99% water with lactic acid, vitamin C, NaCl, and calcium
43
Apocrine Sweat Glands
Axillary and anogenital areas Same contents as eccrine (plus fats and proteins No odor until decomposed by bacteria
44
What may be analogous to sex scent glands in animals?
Apocrine sweat glands
45
Ceruminous glands
Modified apocrine glands in external ear canal secrete cerumen (ear wax) Protects from water and insects antibacterial
46
Mammary Glands
Specialized sweat glands that secrete milk
47
Appendages of skin
Sebaceous glands hair follicles Arrector Pili Muscles Nails
48
Sebaceous glands
found all over the body secretes oil causes pimples
49
hair follicles
protective nerve ending at the base of each produced by a follicle - mainly fused, keratinized cells
50
Eyelashes
sense insects on skin
51
Arrector Pili Muscles
Smooth muscle makes hair stand up contracts with cold or fight/flight reaction
52
Nails
modification of the epidermis | heavily keratinized
53
functions of the integumentary system
``` protection body temperature regulation cutaneous sensation metabolic functions blood reservoir excretion ```
54
Protection of the integumentary system
chemical, physical, and mechanical barrier
55
body temperature regulation (Integumentary system)
accomplished by - dilation (cooling) and constriction (warming) of dermal vessels - increasing sweat gland secretions to cool the body
56
Cutaneous Sensation (Integumentary system)
extereceptors sense touch and pain | Meissners and lamellar corpuscles
57
Metabolic Functions (Integumentary system)
synthesis of vitamin D in dermal blood vessels
58
Blood reservoir (Integumentary system)
skin blood vessels store up to 5% of the body's blood volume
59
Excretion (Integumentary system)
limited amounts of nitrogenous wastes are eliminated from the body in sweat
60
Burns
when burned you lose body fluids | can cause renal failure and circulatory shock
61
First degree burns
only the epidermis is damaged | localized redness, swelling and pain
62
Second degree burns
epidermis and upper regions of dermis are damaged | same as first degree but with blisters
63
Third degree burns
entire thickness of the skin is damaged burned area appears gray-white, cherry red, or black no initial edema or pain (nerve endings are destroyed
64
Rules of nines
estimates the severity of burns by computing the percentage or body surface burned 11 areas, 9% each, 1% for genitals
65
When are burns considered critical?
over 25% of the body has second degree burns over 10% of the body has third degree burns there are third degree burns on the face, hands, or feet
66
what is the main risk factor for skin cancer?
UV light
67
Major types of skin cancer
basal cell carcinoma Squamous cell carcinoma Melanoma
68
basal cell carcinoma
slow growing don't often metastasize can be cured by surgery
69
squamous cell carcinoma
grows rapidly metastasizes if not removed chances are food
70
Melanoma
most dangerous type highly metastatic resistant to chemotherapy

Anatomy and Physiology (13 decks)

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