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Human Anatomy > Chapter 1: Anatomical Terminology > Flashcards

Chapter 1: Anatomical Terminology Flashcards

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1
Q

Anatomy

A

scientific discipline concerned with organization and structure of the human body.

Greek roots to “Cut up”

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2
Q

Cytology

A

study of cells and individual cellular structures

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3
Q

Macroscopic (Gross) anatomy

A

Study of structures visible with an unaided eye

3 types:

A) Surface anatomy
B) Systemic anatomy
C) Regional anatomy

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4
Q

Surface anatomy

A

study of general form and superficial markings of the body

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5
Q

Systemic anatomy

A

Study of the 11 specific body systems

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6
Q

Regional anatomy

A

study of specific body regions, including physical and functional relationships between structures in that region

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7
Q

Microscopic anatomy

A

study of structures not visible without magnification

2 types:

A) Cytology
B) Histology

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8
Q

Histology

A

study of the structure of groups of cells and the significance of their interactions. Groups of similar cells having a collaborative function are called tissues.

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9
Q

What are 2 types of specific anatomical study?

A

1) Developmental anatomy
2) Medical/radiological

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10
Q

Developmental anatomy

A

study of structural changes taking place in an individual from fertilization to mature adult. Embryology is a specific branch of this.

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11
Q

Medical/Radiological field of developmental anatomy

A

study of changes in anatomy characterizing disease and/or injury. Study of anatomical features visible with radiographic technology for purposes of clinical diagnosis.

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12
Q

what are the 3 Basic General body divisions?

A

1) Body Wall
2) Body Cavities
3) Organs

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13
Q

Body wall

A

consists of structures forming the body’s framework, supporting and enclosing vital organs.

Comprised of the skin, skeleton, and muscle.

The head, arms, and legs are considered as specialized extensions of the body wall.

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14
Q

Body cavities

A

the large , internal body spaces filled with vital organs.

they function to protect and house internal organs while still allowing them freedom of movement

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15
Q

What is the largest body cavity?

A

Ventral (abdominal) cavity.

This cavity is divided into the Thoracic (chest) cavity, and the abdominopelvic cavity

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16
Q

What does the thoracic (chest) cavity house?

A

heart and lungs

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17
Q

What does the abdominopelvic cavity house?

A

abdominal and pelvic organs (stomach, liver, intestines, bladder, reproductive structures, etc…)

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18
Q

Organs

A

discrete structures within body capable of performing specific functions

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19
Q

What are the 11 body systems?

A

Integumentary
Skeletal
Muscular
Nervous
Endocrine
Cardiovascular
Lymphatic
Respiratory
Digestive
Urinary
Reproductive

Pneuomonic device:

MR L DICE RUNS

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20
Q

Integumentary System

A

Forms outermost part of body wall (skin).

Components: epidermis, dermis, accessory structures (hair, nails, glands, sensory endings).

Functions: thermoregulation (temperature control), sensation, protection

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21
Q

Skeletal system

A

part of the body wall

Components: bones, ligaments, cartilage, connective tissue.

Functions: support, protection, blood formation, mineral storage.

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22
Q

Muscular system

A

part of the body wall

Components: skeletal muscles and tendons.

Functions: support, motility, heat production

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23
Q

Nervous system

A

Components: Central (brain and spinal cord) and peripheral (motor and sensory nerves) nervous systems.

Functions: controls body systems, perceiving internal and external environments.

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24
Q

Endocrine system

A

components: glandular tissue throughout body.

Functions: coordinates and controls body systems using hormones.

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25
Cardiovascular system
components: heart and blood vessels. Functions: internal transport of dissolved materials like nutrients, gases, and wastes.
26
Lymphatic system
vessels and immune cells throughout body. components: lymph vessels, nodes, organs. Functions: internal defense, removal of cellular debris, and blood volume maintenence.
27
Respiratory system
structures involved in exchange of gases. Components: larynx, trachea, bronchi, lungs Function: exchange of gases (O2 and CO2) between body and environment.
28
Digestive system
primarily within abdominal cavity. Components: oral cavity, esophagus, stomach, and intestine. Functions: process food, absorb nutrients, minerals, vitamins, water, and waste elimination.
29
Urinary system
primarily within pelvic cavity. components: kidneys, ureters, urinary bladder, urethra. Functions: regulation of blood chemistry via elimination of excess water, salts, and waste products
30
Reproductive system
primarily within pelvic cavity. components: sex organs (ovaries, testes) and support structures. Functions: production of sex cells and sex hormones
31
Standard anatomical position (SAP)
standing erect upper limbs at one's sides lower limbs together face, palms, feet directed forward
32
Superior
above/ at higher level. In humans- towards head.
33
Inferior
Below/ at lower level in humans- towards feet
34
Cranial
toward the head. (In humans, the term superior is more common)
35
Caudal
Toward the tail (in humans, the term inferior is more common)
36
anterior (Ventral)
near the front of the body or structure (belly side)
37
Posterior (Dorsal)
near the back of the body or structure.
38
Medial
Toward the midline (longitudinal axis) of body or structure
39
Lateral
away from the midline (longitudinal axis) of body or structure
40
Ipsilateral
on the same side of the body
41
Contralateral
on the opposite side of the body
42
Proximal
near to attachment point (trunk). used to describe relative distance down a limb
43
Distal
far from point of attachment (trunk). used to describe relative distance down a limb
44
Superficial
toward surface of body/organ
45
Intermediate
between a superficial structure and a deep structure
46
Deep
away from the surface of the body/ organ (more internal)
47
What are planes of section?
human body can be dissected into pieces/sections along imaginary planes. (Flat surfaces that pass through body)
48
Sagittal plane
Divides body/organ into right and left sections. 2 types: Midsaggital & Parasagittal
49
Midsaggital plane
passes through midline and divides body/organ into exactly equal right/left halves
50
Parasaggital plane
divides body/organ into unequal right/left sections
51
Frontal (coronal) plane
divides body/organ into anterior (front) and posterior (back) sections
52
Transverse (Cross-sectional/ horizontal) plane
Divides body/organ into superior (top) and inferior (bottom) sections.
53
Oblique plane
passed through body/organ at an angle that is not a right angle to any other planes, divides into unequal parts.
54
Anatomical region of head
Cephalic
55
Anatomical region of skull
Cranial
56
Anatomical region of face
facial
57
Anatomical region of eye
ocular
58
Anatomical region of ear
otic
59
Anatomical region of nose
nasal
60
Anatomical region of cheek
buccal
61
Anatomical region of mouth
oral
62
Anatomical region of neck
cervical
63
Anatomical region of chest
thoracic
64
Anatomical region of breast
mammary
65
Anatomical region of abdomen (belly)
abdominal
66
Anatomical region of naval
umbilical
67
Anatomical region of pelvis
pelvic
68
Anatomical region of groin
inguinal
69
Anatomical region of pubic
pubic
70
Anatomical region of armpit
axillary
71
Anatomical region of arm
brachial
72
Anatomical region of forearm
antebrachial
73
Anatomical region of front of elbow
antecubital
74
Anatomical region of wrist
carpal
75
Anatomical region of hand
manual
76
Anatomical region of palm
palmar
77
Anatomical region of fingers and toes
digital or phalangeal
78
Anatomical region of thumb
pollicis
79
Anatomical region of big toe
hallucis
80
Anatomical region of thigh
femoral
81
Anatomical region of leg
crural
82
Anatomical region of kneecap
patellar
83
Anatomical region of foot
pedal
84
Anatomical region of ankle
tarsal
85
Anatomical region of shoulder
acromial
86
Anatomical region of back of elbow
olecranal
87
Anatomical region of back
dorsal
88
Anatomical region of loin (lower back)
lumbar
89
Anatomical region of hip
coxal
90
Anatomical region of buttock
gluteal
91
Anatomical region of back of knee
popliteal
92
Anatomical region of calf
sural
93
Anatomical region of heel
calcaneal
94
Anatomical region of sole of foot
plantar
95
What are the 4 functions of body cavities?
1) house and seperate organs 2) protect and cushion organs from external impact 3) allow considerable freedom for movement of internal organs without disrupting function of other organs 4) enable different pressures to be created within body without disrupting other organs
96
What are the 2 principal body cavities?
1) Dorsal body cavity 2) Ventral body cavity (Coelom)
97
Dorsal body cavity
cushions and protects the CNS (brain and spinal cord) a. cranial cavity- formed by bones of skull; houses brain b. spinal (vertebral) cavity- formed by verterbral column; houses spinal cord
98
Ventral body cavity (coelom)
enclosed by ribs and abdominal and lumbar musculature. Surrounds organs of respiratory, digestive, cardiovascular, urinary, and reproductive systems. a. thoracic cavity: enclosed by ribcage and seperated from abdominopelvic cavity by the diaphram. 1. right & left pleural cavities: house the 2 lungs 2. pericardial cavity: houses heart b. abdominopelvic cavity: enclosed by abdominal and lumbar muscles. inferor to diaphram. houses abdominal viscera (organs). 1. Abdominal cavity: separated from inferior pelvic cavity by an imaginary line at the pelvic brim; houses digestive organs and glands 2. pelvic cavity: separated from inferior abdominopelvic cavity by imaginary line at the pelvic brim. houses urinary and reproductive systems, distal portions of the digestive systems
99
Serous membranes
line and enclose several body cavities & organs where they secrete a lubricating fluid to reduce friction from muscle movements
100
What is the difference between visceral and parietal serous membranes?
Visceral: cover body organs Parietal: cover and line body cavities
101
Types of visceral membranes
[cover body organs] a. Visceral pleura: membrane covering lungs b. Visceral pericardium: membrane covering heart c. Visceral peritoneum: membrane covering all abdominal organs.
102
types of parietal serous membranes
[cover and line body cavities] a. Parietal pleura: membrane lining pleural cavity b. Parietal pericardium: membrane lining pericardial cavity c. Parietal peritoneum: membrane lining the abdominopelvic cavity
103
Supine VS prone
Supine: laying on back, palms facing down Prone: laying on belly, palms open facing up
104
The diaphragm separates the thoracic cavity from the ______ cavity
abdominopelvic
105
The _______ system is responsible for taking in food, digesting it, and absorbing nutrients.
digestive
106
A word that means "away from the head" is:
inferior
107
Visceral pleura
membrane covering lungs
108
visceral pericardium
membrane covering heart
109
visceral peritoneum
membrane covering all abdominal organs
110
Parietal pleura
membrane lining pleural cavity
111
Parietal pericardium
membrane lining pericardial cavity
112
Parietal peritoneum
membrane lining the abdominopelvic cavity
113
the nasal region is ________ to the otic region
medial

Human Anatomy (22 decks)

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