Nervous system Flashcards
1
Q
On a basic level, the nervous system functions as the body’s:
A
internal information relay system
2
Q
Nervous system is composed of:
A
*networks of interconnected neurons [cells of NS] that function to transfer info to and from the periphery into the central NS [Brain & spinal cord]
3
Q
Nervous system functions [specific]
A
*detection and processing of sensory info [pain, temperature, touch, oxygen, blood pressure,ph]
*decision making, memory, emotion
*control and coordination of muscles & glands; motor
*integrative- coordinating response after interpreting sensory info
4
Q
Structurally, the nervous system is divided into:
A
- Central NS [brain, spinal cord]
- Peripheral NS [tissue outside the CNS]
5
Q
Neural tissue consist of which 2 cell types?
A
Neurons
Neuroglia
6
Q
Neurons VS Neuroglia
A
7
Q
Know the structure of a neuron
A
8
Q
What are the 3 types of synapses?
A
9
Q
Nerve impulse:
A
action potential of a nerve
10
Q
the action potential is due to :
A
exchange of ions across the membrane
11
Q
The ability to conduct the impulse is known as:
A
excitability
12
Q
stimulus:
A
anything that causes an action potential to occur
13
Q
the stimulus has to overcome the ____________ of that particular neuron
A
threshold level
14
Q
What are the 3 neuron structures?
A
Bipolar [rare]
Psuedo / Unipolar
Multipolar
15
Q
Which neuron structure is most common in the Central NS?
A
Multipolar
16
Q
What are the 3 functional classifications of neurons?
A
17
Q
The neuroglial cells of the peripheral NS are the:
functions?
A
Schwann cells
*wrap around axons
*perform myelination in PNS neurons
*repair process after injury
18
Q
what are the 4 types of neuroglial cells of the Central NS?
A
19
Q
Nervous tissue is divided into:
A
Gray matter [cell bodies, soma, dendrites, messages being received at dendrite, processed at soma]
White matter [just axons of cells, transmitting info]
20
Q
Oligodendrocytes are responsible for:
A
*making myelin insulation around axons in the CNS
*can insulate multiple neurons or group neurons together by function
*only found in white matter [wrap axons]
21
Q
Microglial cells in white and gray matter play a role in:
A
repair & defense
*resident phagocytic cells of the CNS
22
Q
Ependymal cells form a lining of:
Function?
A
hollow cavities in the brain and spinal cord
[ciliated, epithelial-like cells; together with capillaries, they produce cerebrospinal fluid traveling in central canal that the brain and spinal cord float in]
23
Q
Explain the formation of myelin sheath in PNS
A
Shwann cells in the peripheral NS will wrap their cell membrane around axon of a neuron
[helps impulses travel more quickly]
24
Q
Astrocytes
A
*Star-shaped cells
*physically support and nourish neurons (communicate with blood)
*anchor neurons and blood vessels, maintain the extracellular environment around neurons, assist in the formation of the blood-brain barrier
25
What are the 5 brain divisions?
Telencephalon - cerebrum [blue] - higher fx
Diencephalon - thalamus, hypothalamus [orange]
Mesencephalon - (midbrain) [purple]
Metencephalon - [green] - pons, cerebellum
Myelencephalon - medulla oblongata
26
The spinal cord is a continuation of the :
brain stem [& directly- medulla oblongata]
27
Meninges :
are three layers of membranes that cover and protect your brain and spinal cord
28
What are the meninges in order?
innermost : pia mater
[subarachnoid space]
middle: arachnoid mater
outermost: dura mater [tough mother]
29
Identify A-D
A- superior sagittal sinus
B- falx cerebri
C- tentorium cerebelli
D- falx cerebelli
30
the only sulcus that travels all the way down the side of the brain from superior aspect all the way to inferior aspect is the :
central sulcus
31
identify A
central sulcus
32
identify A
longtitudinal fissure
33
Identify A-D
A- frontal lobe
B- parietal lobe
C- occipital lobe
D- temporal lobe
34
Frontal lobe functions
*executive function, thinking
*planning, organizing, problem-solving
*emotion, behavioral control, personality
*movement; producing speech
35
Parietal lobe functions
*sensory cortex: sensations
*perception
*making sense of the world
*arithmetic, spelling
*understanding speech
36
Temporal lobe functions
*memory
*language
*understanding
*primary auditory location
37
Occipital lobe functions
*vision, information abought sight
38
The primary sensory cortex is part of the parietal lobe, part of the cerebral hemispheres. The cerebral hemispheres are also known as the:
telencephalon
39
What is A and its function?
Olfactory bulbs - first cranial nerve - transmits odors to cortex
40
Mesencephalon/midbrain functions:
*motor control
*sleep-wake cycle
*temperature regulation
41
identify A-C
A- medulla oblongata
B- cerebellum
C- spinal cord
42
The blood supply to the brain is called
cerebral arterial circle
[joining of several arteries at anterior brain]
[used to be called circle of Willis]
43
functionally, the nervous system is divided into:
Somatic NS- conscious perception and voluntary responses
Autonomic NS- unconscious stimuli perception & responses
44
the peripheral NS is divided into what 2 divisions?
Afferent (sensory) division: receive info from sensory structures and sends to CNS
Efferent (motor) division: nerve cells carry info from CNS
45
2 parts of the autonomic NS:
Sympathetic NS- fight, flight, freeze, prepare for stressful situation
Parasympathetic NS- rest, digest, calm down body
46
Insula (insular lobe)
~brain lobe not visible at surface of brain
~wide range of fx: processing visceral, auditory, gustatory sensation, cognition, emotional awareness
47
______________ produces cerebrospinal fluid (CSF)
ependymal cells
48
Peripheral NS
Cranial and spinal nerves
*cells responsible for relay of sensory and motor info to and from CNS and peripheral organs
49
The _________ is the single most complex organ in the body
brain
[contains 98% of all neuronal cells]
50
Cerebrum functions
largest portion of brain
~processes conscious info, intellectual fx, speech, memory
51
What are the functions of the thalamus?
*Relay center for sensory & motor info
*role in emotions, memory, learning
52
Mesencephalon/ midbrain functions
additional relay center for visual and auditory info, coordinating reflexive motor control
53
Cerebellum functions
coordinates smoothing ongoing body movements & integrating body for orientation, balance, and muscle tone
54
Pons functions
relay center for sensory info to the cerebellum and thalamus
~visceral motor responses like respiration, swallowing, salivation, tears
~houses corticospinal tracts carrying conscious motor control to the trunk and extremities
55
Medulla oblongata functions
relay center for sensory info and additional site of autonomic control of cardiovascular, respiratory, and digestive function
56
Dura mater
[tough mother]
outermost layer covering the brain and spinal cord
~2 thick CT layers
-Outer periosteal (endosteal) layer lines the inside of skull
-Inner meningeal layer faces the meninges
57
Falx cerebri
long sagittal (vertical) extension that divides the cerebral space into 2 major regions, stabilizing them.
~attached anteriorly to crista galli and runs down longitudinal cerebral fissure between the 2 hemispheres
58
Tentorium cerebelli
horizontal fold of dura extending between cerebral hemispheres and cerebellum in the deep space of the horizontal cerebral fissure
~functions to hold weight of the large cerebral hemispheres off the cerebellum and brain stem
59
Falx cerebelli
small sagittal fold between right and left cerebellar hemispheres
60
Dural sinuses function to:
collect venous blood and CSF from the brain and drain it into the jugular veins
61
Arachnoid mater
[spider mother]
-deep to dura mater
*forms a smooth covering over brain and spinal cord
*Between the dura and arachnoid layers = subdural space
*under arachnoid = subarachnoid space - filled with CSF and maintained with arachnoid trabeculae. fluid cushions brain and nourishes tissue.
62
identify the pink
basilar artery
63
identify the pink
basilar artery
64
Pia mater
[delicate mother]
*directly on surface of brain; functions to adhere blood vessels supplying brain [looks similar to arachnoid matter]
65
identify the pink
internal carotid arteries
66
the human brain cortex is heavily folded into ridges called:
gyri
67
Gyri leave depressions called:
sulci
68
Gyri (gyrus)
ridges of cortical tissue
*allows expansion of processing areas of brain to be folded into cranial space
*outward folds of gray matter [areas where neurons are communicating]
69
Identify A-C
A- precentral gyrus
B- central sulcus
C- postcentral gyrus
70
What are the differences between gray and white matter?
71
why does white matter appear white?
myelin sheat surrounding the axons
72
gray matter on the surface of the brain is called:
neural cortex
73
Collection of gray matter neuron cell bodies in the interior of the CNS is called:
nuclei
74
_________ are bundles of white matter CNS axons that share an origin and destination.
several of these are called:
tracts; columns
75
Bundles of white matter axons in the PNS are called:
nerves
76
collections of gray matter neuron cell bodies in the PNS are called:
Ganglia
77
Clusters of neuron cell bodies in the peripheral nervous system are called:
ganglia
78
Cauda equina
"horses tail"
*long inferiorly extending dorsal and ventral roots
79
filum terminale
*last strand [slender thread of CT] of pia mater that provides longitudinal support to spinal cord
80
cross-sectioning of the spinal cord at any level results in _______________________ in regions inferior to the cut
total motor and sensory loss
81
Paraplegia results from:
any transection of spinal cord between T1 and L1
82
Quadriplegia results from:
transection in cervical region
83
the projections of gray matter toward outer surface of spinal cord are called:
horns [posterior, lateral, and anterior gray horns]
84
cell bodies of neurons in gray matter of spinal cord are organized into:
sensory nuclei [posteror] - receiving, relaying info from peripheral receptors
motor nuclei [anterior] - issuing commands to peripheral effectors
85
white matter of the spinal cords are organized into:
columns that contain tracts
[posterior, lateral, anterior white column]
86
Nerve:
enclosed, cable-like bundle of axons in the PNS
*transmits electrical impulses
*provides a common pathway for nerve impulses
87
what is the basic unit of the PNS?
nerve
88
What wraps individual axons?
endoneurium
89
Axons wrapped together in a bundle are referred to as:
what wraps this?
fascicle; perineurium
90
Fascicles of axons together are called:
What wraps this?
nerve; epineurium
91
spinal nerves emerge from the spinal cord in 2 different places:
dorsal side
[dorsal roots are afferent; form ganglia] - sensory
ventral side
[ventral roots are efferent; no ganglia] - motor
These join to form spinal nerve
92
Afferent VS Efferent
Afferent- arrives [afferent neurons are neurons whose axons travel towards. bring info into a central point]
Efferent- exits [cell sends axon/ carries info away from a central point]
SAME --- Sensory- afferent ; Motor-efferent
DAVE --- dorsal afferent ; ventral efferent
93
Pnemonic :
SAME
DAVE
SAME ---
Sensory- afferent ;
Motor-efferent
DAVE ---
dorsal afferent ;
ventral efferent
94
the autonomic NS uses _____ neurons
Why?
two-[preganglionic & postganglionic neuron]
[somatic NS uses 1 neuron]
*allows for increased communication & control; neuronal convegence or divergence
95
increased blood flow to skeletal muscles, dilation of pupils, and accelerating heart rate are effects of:
sympathetic autonomic nervous system
96
CSF is produced in the :
lateral ventricles
97
CSF produced in the lateral ventricles then travels through:
the interventricular forament > 3d ventricle in diancephalon > cerebral aquaduct in midbrain > 4th ventricle > drains into central canal through medulla oblangata > spinal cord
98
The third ventricle is located in what brain region?
diencephalon
99
what are the 3 important functions of CSF cerebrospinal fluid?
*keeps brain buoyant [acts as cushion / shock absorber]
*acts as a vehicle for nutrient delivery and waste removal
*compensates for changes in blood volume in brain
100
identify A-D
A- corpus callosum
B- Thalamus or 3d ventricle
C- choroid plexus of 3d ventricle
D- 4th ventricle
101
Identify E, F, G, H
E- arbor vitae [tree of life] of the cerebellum
F- hypothalamus
G- Pons
H- superior and inferior colliculi
102
The spinal cord is about how long?
18 inches [adults]
103
The outer portions of spinal cord are all:
The inferior parts are:
white matter [columns]
gray matter [horns]
104
Cranial nerve 1/ I
Olfactory nerve
*look like Antanae
*large paired nerves
*ONLY sensory info to brain [sense of smell]
105
Cranial nerve 2/ II
Optic nerve
*large paired nerves that cross over at optic chiasm
*Carry ONLY Visual sensory info from eye
106
Cranial nerve 3/ III
Oculomotor nerve
*ONLY motor nerves
*innervates muscles that move eye
107
Cranial nerve 4/ IV
trochlear nerve
*motor
*small nerves carrying a little info [superior oblique muscle]
108
Cranial nerve 5/ V
trigeminal nerve
*large paired nerves carrying BOTH sensory and motor info
109
Cranial nerve 6/ VI
Abducent nerve
*motor nerve; controls muscle that moves eye
110
Cranial nerve 7/ VII
facial nerve
*small paired nerve carrying BOTH sensory and motor info
111
Cranial nerve 8/ VIII
Vestibulocochlear
*Only sensory info from ear
112
Cranial nerve 9/ IX
Glossopharyngeal nerve
*small paired nerves
*BOTH sensory and motor info
113
Cranial nerve 10/ X
Vagus nerve
*Big; carries BOTH sensory & motor info
*represents big portion of parasympathetic autonomic NS
114
Cranial nerve 11/ XI
spinal accessory nerve
*Motor nerve
115
Cranial nerve 12/ XII
hypoglossal nerve
*motor nerve
116
Pneuominics for cranial nerves in order + functions
Nerves in order:
Oh once one takes the anatomy final, very good vacations are happening
Functions: sensory/motor/both:
Some say marry money, but my brother says big brains matter more
117
motor nervous system transmits:
motor information to effectors
118
effector:
skeletal muscle fiber
119
_____________ make myelin sheath in CNS.
oligodendrocytes
120
___________ cells respond to CNS infection
microglial
121
Multipolar neurons are:
neurons with multiple dendrites
122
what do interneurons do?
sensory to motor neuron communication
123
chemical synapse uses a:
neurotransmitter
124
dendrite is
neuron part that usually receives incoming impulses
125
dura mater fold between cerebral hemispheres is called:
falx cerebri
126
which lobe contains the motor speech area?
frontal
127
first portion of the brainstem is the
midbrain
128
autonomic center for heart rate and respiration is the
medulla oblongata
129
cranial nerve X is the
vagus nerve
130
which lobe is responsible for language comprehension?
temporal lobe
131
relay center for sensory information is the
thalamus
132
rapid, involuntary motor reaction is:
reflex
133
conus medullaris
narrow tapering end cone of spinal cord
134
cervical enlargement
enlarged diameter of spinal cord for upper extremities
135
dorsal root
where sensory neurons enter the spinal cord
136
ventral root
where motor neurons exit the spinal cord
137
lateral horn contains:
cell bodies of autonomic motor neurons
138
what is the hormone secreted by the adrenal medulla?
norepinephrine
139
connective tissue enclosing a nerve is called:
epineurium
140
parasympathetic division is what kind of divison
craniosacral
141
sympathetic division is associated with what response?
fight or flight
142
paravertebral ganglion chain is _________ to spinal cord
lateral
143
neurotransmitter for all preganglionic axons is:
acetylcholine
144
gray ramus contains:
sympathetic postganglionic axons only
145
corpus callosum:
dense white fiber tract/ large bundle of 200 million+ myelinated nerve fibers that connect the two brain hemispheres, permitting communication between the right and left sides of the brain.
146
Hypothalamus functions
*monitors visceral organ activities
*regulates temperature, pituitary gland control [regulating hormone release]
*emotions, basic body drives
147
mamillary bodies
small, round inferior projections that function in recollective memory
148
Pons functions
relays information between higher brain regions; coordinates breathing rhythms
149
the ___________ physically and functionally connects the brain to the spinal cord
medulla oblongata
150
arbor vitae
"tree of life"
*distinct white fiber branches indicates areas where info is carried in and out of the cerebellum
151
pineal body (gland)
[structure, functions]
*small, pea-shaped structure
*regulates circadian cycle [sleep/wake]
*secretes the hormone melatonin
152
Majority of cerebrospinal fluid CSF is formed through an intricate filtration system which occurs through networks of capillaries called :
choroid plexus
153
the lateral ventricles are separated from each other by a thin membrane called:
septum pellucidum
154
the 4th ventricle is connected to the 3d ventricle by a small canal called the:
cerebral (mesencephalic) aqueduct
155
identify the highlighted area
cauda equina
156
identify A
conus medullaris
157
identify blue area
optic chiasm
158
identify blue area
optic tract
159
identify blue area
olfactory tract
[bulbs above]
160
identify blue area
optic nerve (CN II)
161
identify blue area
Oculomotor nerve (CN III)
162
identify tiny blue area
Trochlear (CN IV)
163
identify the blue
pons
164
identify the blue
Mammillary body
165
identify the blue
Infundibulum of pituitary gland
166
identify the blue
Abducent (CN VI)
167
identify the blue
Trigeminal (CN V)
168
identify the blue
Vestibulocochlear (CN VIII)
169
identify the blue
Vagus (CN X)
170
identify the blue
Hypoglossal (CN XII)
171
identify small blue area
Spinal Accessory (CN XI)
172
identify blue area
Glossopharyngeal (CN IX)
173
identify blue area
Facial (CN VII)
174
the main receptive structure of the neuron is
dendrites
175
the brain cortex region not visible on the external surface of the cerebrum is
insula
176
which nervous system division increases blood flow to GI tract, called rest and digest, associated with vagus nerve, and relaxes the body?
parasympathetic autonomic nervous system
177
the spinal nerve root that contains only motor neurons is
ventral root
178
the deep fold of dura mater that lies in the transverse fissure is the
tentorium cerebelli
179
Sensory neurons can also be described as:
afferent neurons.
180
In general, nerve impulses travel most quickly along:
myelinated neurons
181
Stimulation of the occipital cortex (i.e. the surgeon stimulates the cortex with an electrical stimulus) will cause the patient to perceive sensations of:
light and color
[vision, sight]
182
Neurons that transmit nerve impulses away from the central nervous system are described as:
efferent
183
The ________________ is the toughest and thickest of the meninges.
dura mater
184
Bundles of axons (forming white matter) that are located in the central nervous system are called:
tracts
185
identify D
falx cerebelli
186
C
187
B
188
Identify all parts
A- precentral gyrus
B- central sulcus
C- postcentral gyrus
D- parietal lobe
E- occipital lobe
AB- temporal lobe
AC- cerebellum
AD- medulla oblongata
AE- pons
BD- lateral sulcus
BE- frontal lobe
189
V [trigeminal]
190
Identify the red and blue
blue- dorsal side
red- ventral side
191
identify the blue
fourth ventricle of brain
192
identify the blue
mesenphalic/Cerebral aqueduct
193
identify the blue
third ventricle
194
identify the blue
lateral ventricle
195
identify the green
Insula lobe of brain
[located deep within the lateral sulcus separating the temporal lobe from the parietal and frontal lobes]
196
identify the red line
lateral fissure
197
what is it pointing to?
transverse fissure
198
identify the blue
thalamus
199
what is it circling?
hypothalamus
200
what is it pointing to?
pituitary gland
201
identify colored area
midbrain
202
what is it pointing to?
cerebral peduncles
203
Identify A, B, C, D
A- anterior cerebral artery
B- anterior communicating artery
C- middle cerebral artery
D- posterior communicating artery
204
Identify E, F, G, H
E- posterior cerebral artery
F- basilar artery
G- vertebral artery
H- internal carotid artery
