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Human Anatomy > Chapter 3: Histology > Flashcards

Chapter 3: Histology Flashcards

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1
Q

What are the 4 major categories of tissues in the body?

A

Epithelial
Connective
Muscle
Nervous

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2
Q

What is a zygote?

A

a single fertilized cell that all multicellular organisms begin life as

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3
Q

What are the 3 primitive germ layers?

A

Ectoderm
Mesoderm
Endoderm

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4
Q

Ectoderm

A

primarily develops into the epidermis (top layer of skin), epidermal derivatives (glands, hair, nails), entire nervous system (brain, spinal cord, nerves) and neural components of the endocrine tissue (adrenal gland and posterior pituitary)

-Epithelial and nervous tissue

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5
Q

Mesoderm

A

primarily develops into internal epithelial structures (lining of body cavities, cardiovascular, urinary, reproductive, and lymphatic system) entire muscular system, (skeletal, smooth and cardiac muscle), endocrine structures, and connective tissue developing into the skeletal system

-Epithelial, connective, and muscle tissue

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6
Q

Endoderm

A

primarily develops into epithelial glandular derivatives of the digestive, respiratory, urinary, reproductive, and endocrine systems.

-Epithelial tissue

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7
Q

What are the 5 characteristics of epithelial tissue?

A
  1. Cellularity- cells tightly bound
  2. Polarity- one surface is attached and one is exposed
  3. Attachment- cells are firmly attached
  4. Regeneration- cells are damaged and replaced rapidly
  5. Avascular- does not contain blood vessels.
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8
Q

What are the 4 types of cellular arrangement of epithelial tissue?

A

Simple- single layer of cells

Stratified- multiple layers of cells

Pseudostratified- cells firmly attached to the basement membrane, but because of varied nucleus locations, it appears multi-layered.

Transitional- cells vary in shape and size depending on degree of tissue stretch, large and round cells…

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9
Q

What are the 3 types of cell shape for epithelial tissue?

A

Squamous- cells are thin, flat, and irregular in shape

Cuboidal- cube-shaped cells

Columnar- cylindrical shaped, tall cells

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10
Q

What are the 2 types of epithelial stratified squamous tissues?

A

Unkeratinized- no smooth layer at the edge (vagina)/oesophagus

Keratinized- smooth layer on the edge (skin)

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11
Q

what are the 5 characteristics of connective tissue?

A
  1. No cellularity- cells are not closely associated
  2. No polarity- all cells contained within body, no cellular surface exposed
  3. No attachment- cells are not attached to other tissue
  4. Slow regeneration- cells are not damaged easily, so division and regeneration is slow
  5. Vascular- they have blood vessels (except cartilage)
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12
Q

Proper connective tissue

A

wide variety of cell types and protein fibers in a thick semi-fluid ground substance

characterized into loose and dense proper CT according to concentration of protein fibers

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13
Q

3 types of loose CT proper

A

a. Areolar CT “space”, widely spaced (cushion, support, mobility)

b. Adipose CT “fat” closely associated cells (heat, energy reserve, protect, cushion)

c. Reticular CT “web” (support soft tissues) fibers coursing around organ cells

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14
Q

3 types of dense CT proper

A

a. dense regular CT (strong attachment in one direction), stabilization.

b. dense irregular CT (strong attachment in multiple directions)

c. Elastic CT (elasticity) elastic fibers allows tissue to stretch and rebound shape

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15
Q

What is lacunae?

A

spaces within the matrix housing the osteocytes.

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16
Q

Glandular epithelia

A

A type of tissue that lines certain internal organs and makes and releases substances in the body, such as mucous, digestive juices, and other fluids.

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17
Q

Exocrine glands

function and 3 types?

A

release secretions directly onto body’s external and internal body spaces

3 types:

a) Holocrine glands

b) Merocrine (eccrine) glands

c) apocrine glands

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18
Q

Holocrine glands

A

secrete their contents through process of cell lysis.

releases its secretions by disintegrating the whole cell So the entire cell breaks down to release what’s called sebum

associated with hair follicles

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19
Q

Merocrine (eccrine) glands

A

most common type of exocrine gland

secretes contents through process of exocytosis without causing any damage or loss in the secretory cel

sweat, salivary, gastric glands

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20
Q

Apocrine glands

A

secrete contents through process of exocytosis, allows large volumes of secretion without cell death.

secrete their secretions in the form of pinched-off buds or vesicles

Mammary glands and ceruminous (ear) glands

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21
Q

Basement membrane

A

glycoprotein secretion functioning to attach cells to the underlying tissue

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22
Q

Mesenchymal cells

A

embryonic connective tissue; pluripotent cells

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23
Q

Extracellular matrix

A

extra-cellular substance consisting of the ground substance and protein fibers

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24
Q

Ground substance

A

solution surrounding the cellular and fibrous components of connective tissue

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25
Fibroblast
Connective tissue cell responsible for secreting large amounts of protein into the extracellular matrix
26
What are the 2 types of supportive connective tissue?
Cartilage Bone (osseous tissue)
27
What are the 3 types of cartilage?
Hyaline fibrocartilage Elastic
28
What are the 2 types of bone (osseous tissue)?
Compact bone (dense) Spongy bone
29
Hyaline cartilage Characteristics and function
most abundant and weakest cartilage tough but somewhat flexible thin groups of collagen fibers Fx: reduces friction, provides stiff but somewhat flexible support and protection
30
Elastic cartilage Characteristics and function
Most flexible, large amount of elastic fibers support and flexibility Fx: support and maintain shape
30
Fibrocartilage Characteristics and function
strongest cartilage interwoven, thick collagen fibers Fx: resist compression, prevent bone to bone contact, limit joint motion
31
Compact bone (dense bone)
-contains few spaces between bony matrix -forms outer wall of bones -arrangement of matrix and osseous cells -have lamella, lacuna, central canal, canaliculi, osteoctyes, and a calcified matrix
32
Central canal
forms center of osteon or haversion system. open space in bony matrix allowing passage of blood vessels & nerves, supply blood to active osteocytes
33
Lamellae
rings of bony matrix around central canal and resident blood vessels
34
Canaliculi
small canals connecting osteocytes within lacunae to central blood vessels allows for better diffusion and access to nutrients
35
Perforating (Volkmann's) canal
communicating canals connecting adjacent central canals, allowing blood flow between adjacent osteons
36
What are the 4 types of bone cells?
1. Osteoprogenitor cells "bone" -unspecialized bone cell that can become active 2. Osteoblasts "bud or germ" -active bone matrix forming cells -produces osteoid which calcifies to hard bone 3. Osteoctye "cell" -mature bone cells derived from osteoblast -maintenance of surrounding osseous tissue 4. Osteoclast "break" -breakdown of matrix, re absorption of osseous tissue
37
spongy bone Characteristics & function (Fx)
-forms core of most bones and ends of long bones -composed of lattice of interlocking beams/struts of bony matrix -retrieve nutrients directly from surrounding blood Bony beams are called Trabecula (spongy appearance) Spaces between trabecula filled with blood forming cells comprise the red bone marrow
38
fluid connective tissue Characteristics & function (Fx)
comprised of blood and lymph copious amounts of extracellular fluid containing specialized cells carry metabolic products, nutrients, respiratory gases, chemical messengers, functional proteins, and waste products to all body cells
39
Simple squamous ET Characteristics & function (Fx)
single layer of flat, thin, irregular shaped cells lining blood vessels, body cavities, portions of kidney tubules Fx: protection, allowing diffusion (absorption and secretion)
40
Stratified squamous ET Characteristics & function (Fx)
multiple layers of flattened cells Keratinized or unkeritanized (Depending on presence of waterproofing keratin protein) covering skin, lining mouth, throat, anus, vagina, esophagus Fx: protection: physical, chemical, infections
41
Simple cuboidal ET Characteristics & function (Fx)
single layer of cube shaped cells round, centered nuclei no intercellular space in glands, kidney tubules, liver, thyroid Fx: protection, secretion, absorption
42
Simple columnar ET Characteristics & function (Fx)
single layer of column shaped cells no intercellular space tall nuclei, located at basal end of cell Lining intestine, stomach, gallbladder Fx: protection, secretion, absorption
43
Pseudostratified columnar (ciliated) ET Characteristics & function (Fx)
single layer of columnar cells oval nuclei at various levels within cell, layered/striated appearance. often have cilia on surface lining trachea, nasal passages, bronchi Fx: secretion, movement of surface molecules (protection)
44
Transitional ET Characteristics & function (Fx)
multiple layers of cells of varying shapes cell shape depends on stretch of tissue lining urinary bladder, renal pelvis, ureters Fx: allowing tissue expansion/recoil without damage to epithelium or restricting organ function (stretching)
45
Areolar CT (loose CT proper) Characteristics & function (Fx)
widely spaced cells, fills spaces between structures for support and protection Fx: cushion, support, allowing mobilityy
46
Adipose CT (loose CT proper) Characteristics & function (Fx)
closely associated cells, appear hollow Fx: reduce heat loss, protect, cushion, energy reserve
47
Reticular CT (loose CT proper) Characteristics & function (Fx)
composed of numerous reticular fibers coursing around organ cells Fx: provide supportive framework for soft tissues
48
Dense regular CT Characteristics & function (Fx)
Uniformly arranged collagen fibers forms tendons, ligaments, and aponeuroses Fx: provides strong attachment and stabilization
49
Dense irregular CT Characteristics & function (Fx)
non-uniformly arranged protein fibers in dermis of skin, sheath covering bones (periosteum), and capsule around various organs Fx: provides strength to resist force applied in various directions
50
Elastic CT (dense) Characteristics & function (Fx)
large quantities of elastic fibers Fx: cushion, elasticity (Stretching)
51
Identify this
Fibrocartilage
52
Identify this
Hyaline cartilage
53
Identify this
Elastic Connective Tissue (CT)
54
identify this
Elastic Cartilage CT
55
Identify this
Compact bone (ground)
56
Identify this
Reticular CT (loose proper CT)
57
Identify this
Dense regular CT (dense proper)
58
Identify this
Dense irregular CT (dense proper)
59
Identify this
Adipose CT (loose proper)
60
Identify this
Areolar CT (loose proper)
61
Identify this
Transitional ET
62
Identify this
Pseudostratified ciliated columnar ET
63
Identify this
Simple columnar ET
64
Identify this
Keratinized stratified squamous ET
65
Identify this
Simple cuboidal ET
66
The three major components of connective tissues are :
cells, ground substance, and protein fibers.
67
Which tissues are found as coverings and linings in the body?
Epithelial
68
The epithelial tissue made of a single layer of long rectangular cells, often found in areas where absorption and secretion are important is:
simple columnar
69
identify this
simple cuboidal ET
70
Identify this
simple squamous ET
71
Identify this
stratified squamous ET
72
Identify this
Adipose CT
73
Identify this
Areolar CT
74
The bone cells responsible for the active secretion of bone matrix are:
osteoblasts
75
the bony matrix is hardened by the addition of calcium phosphate and calcium hydroxide minerals collectively called:
hydroxyapatite
76
Unspecialized bone cells derived from mesenchymal cells, which have potential to develop into active bone matrix secreting cells (osteoblasts) are called :
osteoprogenitor cells
77
What is the structural and functional unit of compact bone?
Osteons
78
the concentric rings of matrix around the central canal are:
lamellae
79
the small spaces which house mature osteocytes
lacunae
80
the bony struts or "little beams" which comprise the lattice of spongy bone are:
trabeculae
81
small communicating canals connecting osteocytes within lacunae to central blood vessels are:
canaliculi
82
The serous membrane lining the surface of the lung is the ______________
visceral pleura
83
cardiac muscle cells are connected to each other with specialized cell junctions that connect the cytoplasm of adjacent cells. These junctions are called ______________
gap junctions
84
_______ bone does not have a canal.
spongy
85
bone cells responsible for secreting bony matrix, actively building new bone tissue are called __________
osteoblasts
86
both cartilage and bone cells reside in small spaces within their matrix called :
lacunae
87
Identify both structures
8. compact bone CT 9. central canal
88
identify
elastic cartilage CT
89
Identify
Dense regular CT
90
Identify
Reticular CT
91
Identify
Adipose CT
92
Identify
Areolar CT
93
Identify
Transitional ET
94
Identify
unkeratinized stratified squamous ET

Human Anatomy (22 decks)

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