Reproductive system Flashcards
1
Q
reproduction
A
biological process in which 2 individuals (parents) produce off spring
-requires sexual interaction of 2 specialized gametes
2
Q
How many people are intersex?
A
2% of population
(shows reproductive characteristics of both gender reproductive systems)
3
Q
reproductive systems have primary sex organs called _________
A
Gonads
4
Q
What are gonads?
what do they do?
A
ovaries / testes
they produce sex hormones and produce sex cells (gametes) — oocytes and sperms
5
Q
where do the gametes fuse?
A
site of fertilization
6
Q
zygote
A
fused gamete
7
Q
The primary sex organs (producing gametes and hormones) are the:
A
testes and ovaries
8
Q
what happens in puberty?
A
-external sex characteristics become prominent
-reproductive organs become functional
-gametes mature
-gonads secrete sex hormones
9
Q
what are the components of the female reproductive system?
A
primary = organs
*uterine tubes
*uterus
*vagina
*clitoris
*mammary glands
10
Q
oogonia are-
A
primordial germ cells
11
Q
at birth, there are _______ primordial follicles
at puberty, only ______ remain
A
1.5 million
400k
12
Q
endometriosis
A
condition in which cells similar to those in the endometrium of the uterus grow outside of uterus (in ovaries, uterine tubes, tissue, etc…)
Sx: pelvic pain, infertility, swollen growth
13
Q
identify this
A
vagina
purple- mucosa
pink- muscularis
14
Q
external female genitalia are collectively called-
A
vulva
15
Q
mammary glands
A
exocrine gland that secretes milk from nipple
~15-20 lobes of glandular tissue embedded into adipose tissue of breast
16
Q
the ovary is covered with:
A
a fibrous capsule called the tunica albuginea
17
Q
Uterine tube regions
A
infundibulum [terminates into fimbriae]
Ampula [intermediate section of tube]
isthmus [narrowing segment as approaches uterus]
18
Q
uterus & 4 regions
A
singular, pear-shaped muscular chamber that serves as site of embryonic and fetal development
4 regions
Fundus- dome, superior
Body- majority
Isthmus- narrowing, inferior region
Cervix [neck]- inferior portion extending down to vaginal canal
Usually, opening into cervix is blocked by thick mucus plug
19
Q
Uterus wall layers
A
Endometrium- innermost, thin mucous membrane lining uterus cavity
Myometrium- middle layer; 90% of uterus size
Perimetrium- outer layer of serosa
20
Q
Vagina
A
the muscular, highly elastic tube that extends from uterus to the vestibule [opening to the body’s exterior]
*copulatory organ & birth canal
*mucosa= stratified squamous
~Vaginal canal: muscular tube extending from uterus to body’s exterior
~Fornix: space around the cervix; [this is where the diaphragm would go for BC]
21
Q
broad ligament
A
a large continuous sheet of tissue that encloses the majority of female reproductive structures [ovary, uterine tube, uterus]
22
Q
identify this tissue +
A, B, C, D.
A
Uterus histology
A= lumen
B= endometrium
C= myometrium
D= perimetrium
23
Q
identify A, B, C
A
A= ovary
B= broad ligament
C= urinary bladder
24
Q
Identify A, B, C on this cadaver
A
A= clitoris
B= labia majora
C= labia minora
25
At ovulation, an oocyte is released directly into the:
abdominopelvic cavity
26
identify this and the structure in the middle
Mature follicle (Graafian follicle)
Middle circle = oocyte
27
Primary biological function of the reproductive system:
sexual reproduction & carrying offspring
28
differentiation of reproductive system between male/females starts at:
7 weeks
29
Every fetus starts off as a -
female [then may differentiate]
30
Ovaries
function to produce female gametes (oocytes), as well as female sex hormones (estrogen & progesterone)
-almond-sized 3-5 CM , shrink during menopause
~enclosed by fibrous capsule called tunica albuginea, surrounds stroma which has 2 regions - inner medulla, and outer cortex
Medulla has blood vessels supplying the cortex
31
Oocytes and follicles reside in the-
outer cortex of the ovaries
32
Uterine tubes
~smooth muscle tubes [indirectly connected to ovary and directly connected to uterus]
Fx: draws an ovulated oocyte into tube and conducts it down the uterus [takes 3-4 days]
33
Usually, the sperm and oocyte will meet where?
Ampulla of the uterine tube
[fertilization occurs here]
[green area in pic]
34
Clitoris
-provides female sexual pleasure
~was not fully mapped until the 90s
3 areas
1) glans: visible portion
2) Body: filled with erectile tissue
3) vestibular bulbs: 2 elongated masses of tissue that fill with blood, leading vulva to expand
35
mons pubis
fleshy adipose pad between skin and pubic symphysis of pelvic bones (covered with hair at puberty)
36
greater vestibular (Bartholin's) glands
paired glands at vagina base that secrete mucus into vestibule during arousal
37
Paraurethral (Skene's) glands
paired glands on the right and left of urethra; secrete lubricating mucus during sexual arousal/orgasm
~may be part of G-Spot/ female ejaculation
38
primordial follicle
single layer of simple squamous estrogen producing follicular cells (granulosa cells) surrounding a primary oocyte
39
primary follicle
the follicle that "wakes up" in a given month, begins to grow in size
~1+ layers of cuboidal follicular cells (granula and thecal cells)
~produce estrogen in increasing amounts as they multiply
40
Secondary follicle
follicle expands, larger, has fluid-filled spaces appear between follicular cell layers
41
Mature (Graafian) follicle
a mature fluid-filled cavity present inside the ovary which contains the female gamete/ovum
42
The two masses of erectile tissue forming the bulk of the clitoris are:
corpora cavernosa
43
During ovulation, the oocyte passes into the _____.
pelvic cavity
44
The cervix projects into:
the vagina
45
Which structure contains a primary oocyte, several layers of granulosa cells, and an antrum?
antral follicle
46
normal site for implantation of a pre-embryo is:
uterus
47
what produces follicles and sex hormones?
ovary
48
fertilization normally occurs here:
uterine tube
49
the primary male sex organs are:
testes
50
what are the male accessory sex organs?
complex set ducts and tubules leading from testes to penis
Copulation organ = penis
51
function of testes
*sperm production
*secretion of androgens (like testosterone)
52
What are the scrotum's 2 muscle layers & their functions?
What is the scrotum's function?
*Cremaster muscles- can raise and lower testes
*Dartos muscle- can contract/wrinkle testes
Fx: to regulate temperature for optimal sperm production
53
Each testes is covered by a _______
a serous membrane called Tunica Vaginalis
~visceral & parietal layer, separated by serous fluid
Deep to this, there is Tunica albuginea of testis
54
Spermatagonia develop into ______________; these develop into:_____________.
Spermatagonia develop into _spermatids_; these develop into: _sperm_.
55
Interstitial cells in the testis are responsible for:
producing hormones called androgens (mostly testosterone)
~maintaining male reproductive structures
~development of secondary sexual characteristics (voice, muscle, bone, hair, etc.. "maleness"
56
Primary spermatocyte divides to produce:
2 secondary spermatocytes
57
the _________ is the only human cell that has flagella
sperm
58
What ducts will the sperm travel through?
59
Sperm transport is facilitated by:
smooth muscle contraction within the ducts
[stimulated by oxytocin release]
60
Epididymis
1st duct; stores sperm until mature
~sits on the testis
61
What are the 3 male accessory glands that mix with sperm to create seminal fluid?
What are their other functions?
Seminal vesicles
prostate glands
bulbourethral glands
~they also nourish sperm and neutralize acidity of vagina
62
tip of the penis is called:
glans
63
During an erection, blood enters into :
the erectile bodies through the central artery, filling in the venous spaces
64
what are the homologues between male and female reproductive structures?
65
Which STis are curable VS treatable?
66
Testes produce:
spermatozoa
67
Scrotum houses the:
testes
68
In the male, what cells produce androgens (including testosterone)?
interstitial (Leydig) cells
69
Spermatogonia divide by mitosis to form a new spermatogonium and:
primary spermatocyte
70
Sperm are stored in the _________, where they remain until they are fully mature and capable of motility.
epididymis
71
identify this
seminiferous tubules
circles= section through seminiferous tubules
Spermatids in the middle of circle
Spermatagonia in the edge of circle
I = interstitial cells
72
The cells in the testes that nourish and protect the developing sperm are called:
sustentacular (Sertoli) cells
73
Identify A, B, and C
A- seminal vesicle
B- prostate gland
C- bulbourethral gland [won't see on cadavers]
74
Identify A, B, C
A- Urinary bladder
B- prostrate
C- membranous urethra
75
Identify D, E
D- prostatic urethra
E- spongy/penile urethra
76
Identify F, G
F- corpus spongiosum
G- corpus cavernosum
77
Identify A, B, C, D
A- urinary bladder
B- ductus (vas) deferens
C- epididymis
D- Testis
78
Identify E, F, G, H
E- glans
F- penis
G- testis in external spermatic fascia
H- spermatic cord
79
the glans/head of penis is only composed of:
corpus spongiosum
80
identfiy A and B
A- corpus spongiosum
B- corpora cavernosa
81
Is the reproductive system essential to live?
No
>can have different developmental trajectories
82
It is the presence of ________________ that drives differentiation of male reproductive structure development
Testis-determining factor (TDF) protein
83
Seminiferous tubules [male RS]
site of spermatogenesis
~produce 300 million sperm daily (1,000/second)
~800 tubules; 250 distinct lobules
~inside is lined by Sertoli cells (these surround, protect, nourish sperm cells & form a barrier between blood/immune system & developing sperm = blood-testis barrier].
84
Ductus (vas) deferens
paired muscular tubes (12 inches) carrying spermatozoa from the epididymis within scrotum, through the inguinal canal, into the abdominal cavity, behind bladder, entering prostate
85
Inguinal canal
space between abdominal muscles, connecting external scrotum with abdominal cavity
Contains spermatic cord: (ductus deferens, testicular artery, pampiniform plexus (veins), genitofemoral nerve, deferential artery
86
Seminal vesicles
~paired tubular glands posterior to bladder; release fluids into ejaculatory duct
~very active, secrete 60% of semen fluid
~thickens, activates, and nourishes sperm
87
Prostate gland
~small muscular gland at base of bladder
~produces 20-30% of semen fluid
~help with sperm motility, stability of genetic material
~contracts at orgasm to push semen out of body
88
Bulbourethral glands
AKA Cowper's glands- pea-sized glands at penis base
~secrete thick, alkaline mucus to lubricate the tip of the penis and neutralize the urinary tract
~<5% of semen fluid
[not identifiable on cadaver]
89
Penis is homologous to the female:
clitoris
90
What are the 3 main regions of the penis?
1. Root- bulb and crura
2. body- cylindrical portion
3. Glands (head)
91
The penis is made of-
spongy, erectile tissue
92
In SAP, the penis is:
erect
93
Identify this
what tissue is it?
Vagina
Note: stratified squamous epithelium lines the canal
94
Identify this + the specific layer
Uterus - Endometrium [inner lining]
95
identify this
Sperm
Note: sperm head and flagella
96
Identify this
What is at the periphery?
what is at the center?
Male Testis
-Seminiferous tubules
---Spermatagonia at the periphery
---Spermatozoa in the center
---Interstitial/Leydig cells
97
Interstitial (Leydig) cells produce:
Androgens- Testosterone
98
Identify this + what kind of epithelium is it?
Epididymis
~ pseudostratified columnar epithelium
99
Identify this structure, and identify the specific cells
Seminiferous tubules
~Interstitial (Leydig) cells
100
Identify this
Epididymis
101
a. Penis
b. Corpora cavernosa
102
9a. Primordial follicle
9b. Mature follicle (antrum)
103
The outermost layer of the uterus is the:
perimetrium
104
The glans of the penis is primarily made of which erectile tissue?
corpus spongiosum
105
the coiled tubule structure that is specialized for sperm production :
seminferous tubules
106
fertilization of the oocyte by a spermatid most commonly occurs in:
uterine tube
107
The structure securing the ovary to the body wall?:
suspensory ligament
108
the pouch responsible for housing and maintaining temperature of the testes is:
scrotum
109
Identify this region + what cells is the arrow pointing to?
Testis; interstitial cells
110
Identify this
Epididymis
111
Identify this + what is the arrow pointing to?
Ovary; Antrum (follicle)
112
Penis
~Corpus spongiosum
113
Identify
vagina
114
Identify this
Seminiferous tubules
-note the spermatagonia
-clusters of cells in between the tubules = interstitial cells
115
identify the red part
spermatic chord
116
identify the red part
Ductus/Vas deferens
117
identify the red part
vagina
118
identify the red part
uterine tubes
119
identify the red parts
ovaries
120
what is the arrow pointing to?
Sertoli cells (sustentacular cells) in testis
121
The middle, muscle layer of the uterus:
myometrium
122
The paired erectile bodies of the clitoris that contain most of the blood during clitoral erection are the:
corpora cavernosa
123
The gonad that produces oocytes is called the:
ovary
124
The region of the uterus that protrudes into the superior end of the vagina is the:
cervix
125
The structure formed by the ductus deferens, testicular blood vessels, nerves, and muscles is the:
spermatic cord
126
The cell type in the testis that secretes testosterone:
interstitial (Leydig) cells
127
The ejaculatory duct is the union of the vas deferens and the:
seminal vesicle
128
Identify A and C
A- myometrium of the uterus
C- labia majora
129
A is?
spongy urethra
130
In this section through the testis, which letter indicates the seminiferous tubules?
A
131
identify the pink cells
spermatozoa
132
identify 2
ovary (left)
133
identify the red
ovaries
134
identify green part
inguinal canal
135
identify the red
scrotum
136
identify the circled area
epididymis
137
identify the circled area
testis
138
identify the circled area
tunica vaginalis
139
identify A
Ampulla of the Ductus/Vas deferens
140
identify circled area
penile urethra
141
identify circled area
prostatic urethra
142
the dark pigmented area surrounding the nipple is:
areola
143
identify the red area
mons pubis [fleshy adipose pad between skin and pubic symphasis]
144
identify the red area
mons pubis [fleshy adipose pad between skin and pubic symphasis]
145
the vagina is lined with _________ which allows ___________
Rugae; stretching
146
identify A
Fornix of vagina [around cervix]
147
Identify A, B, C
a- root
b- body
c- glans
148
identify the green and yellow
green- corpus cavernosa
yellow- corpus spongiosum
149
identify the red area
seminal vesicles
150
what is the arrow pointing to?
ejaculatory duct
150
identify the red area
prostate gland
151
Identify all parts
A- isthmus
B- ampulla
C- infundibulum
D- fimbriae
152
identify red area
uterus
153
identify specific area marked by purple circle
fundus of uterus
154
identify the marked area
body of uterus
155
the isthmus of the uterus is:
narrowing region of uterus
156
identify red area
cervix
157
what is it pointing to?
endometrium of uterus
158
what is it pointing to?
perimetrium of the uterus
159
identify the green
broad ligament
160
identify the green
suspensory ligament
161
identify #1
suspensory ligament
162
identify red area
round ligament
163
identify marked area
ovarian ligament
164
identify blue area
ovarian ligament (left)
165
corpus hemorrhagicum
phase as ruptured follicle collapses in on itself and fills with blood before developing into corpus luteum
166
corpus luteum
"yellow body" that produces progesterone and estrogen needed for development/maintenance of uterine endometrium
-eventually degenerates into white scar called corpus albicans
167
identify M
Mesoalpinx (holds uterine tubes in place) [part of broad ligament]
168
In this image of the histology of uterus, the layer highlighted in blue is the:
myometrium
169
what produces spermatazoa?
testes
170
secretion from ___________________ is milky; contains citric acid
prostate gland
171
All of the following organs produce a component of seminal fluid:
bulbourethral glands
prostate gland
seminal vesicles
