Chapter 1: Basic Word Structures Flashcards
1
Q
Root
A
Givers essential meaning to the term
2
Q
Suffix
A
The word ending
3
Q
Prefix
A
A small part added to the beginning of the term
4
Q
Combining vowel
A
Connects roots to suffixes and roots to other roots
5
Q
Combining form
A
The combination of the root and combining vowel
6
Q
How do you read the meaning of medical words?
A
Start at the suffix, then go to the beginning of the word and read across.
7
Q
What do you do with the combining vowel before a suffix that starts with a vowel?
A
Drop the combining vowel
8
Q
What do you do with a combining vowel between word roots if the second root begins with a vowel?
A
Keep the combining vowel
9
Q
-logy
A
The study of
10
Q
Hemat/o
A
Blood
11
Q
Electrocardiogram (ECG or EKG)
A
Record of the electrical charges within the heart
12
Q
Electr/o
A
Electricity
13
Q
Cardi/o
A
Heart
14
Q
-gram
A
Record
15
Q
Gastroenterology
A
The study of the stomach and intestines
16
Q
Gastr/o
A
Stomach
17
Q
Enter/o
A
Small intestine (intestines)
18
Q
Gastroscope
A
Instrument used to visually examine the stomach
19
Q
-scope
A
Instrument used to visually examine
20
Q
Gastric
A
Pertaining to the stomach
21
Q
-ic
A
Pertaining to
22
Q
Cardiac
A
Pertaining to the heart
23
Q
-ac
A
Pertaining to
24
Q
Enteritis
A
Inflammation of the small intestine
25
-itis
Inflammation
26
Gastroenteritis
Inflammation of the stomach and small intestine
27
Subgastric
Pertaining to below the stomach
28
Sub
Below
| Under
29
Transgastric
Pertaining to across the stomach
30
Retrogastric
Pertaining to behind the stomach
31
Aden/o
Gland
32
-Oma
Tumor or mass
33
Adenoma
Tumor of the gland
34
Adenitis
Inflammation of the gland
35
Arthr/o
Joint
36
Arthritis
Inflammation of the joint
37
Bi/o
Life
38
Biology
The study of life
39
Biopsy
“The process of viewing life”; living tissue is removed and viewed under a microscope
40
-opsy
The process of viewing
41
Carcin/o
Cancer
| Cancerous
42
Carcinoma
A cancerous mass or tumor
43
Cephal/o
Head
44
Cephalic
Pertaining to the head
45
What does it mean for an infant to be born cephalic?
A baby is born head first
46
Cerebr/o
Cerebrum (largest part of the brain)
47
Cerebral
Pertaining to the cerebrum
48
Cerebral vascular accident (CVA)
Also known as a stroke
During a CVA, blood is prevented from reaching areas of the cerebrum.
Depending on the location and extent of reduced blood flow, signs and symptoms may include:
- loss of movement (paralysis)
- loss of speech (aphasia)
- weakness
- changes in sensation
49
What are the 10 functions of the cerebrum and their location?
1. Smell - just behind the eye socket
2. Speech - lateral parts of the temporal lobe
3. Hearing - lateral parts of the temporal lobe
4. Reading - lateral part of occipital lobe
5. Visual - dorsal part of occipital lobe
6. Writing - superior part of occipital lobe
7. Sensations of the body - posterior part of the parietal lobe
8. Movement - anterior part of the parietal lobe
9. Eye movement - small posterior part of frontal lobe
10. Thought processes - frontal lobe
50
Order the male urinary tract parts from superior to inferior:
Adrenal glands, kidneys, prostate gland, ureters, urethra, urinary bladder
1. Adrenal glands
2. Kidneys
3. Ureters
4. Urinary bladder
5. Prostate gland
6. Urethra
51
Cyst/o
Urinary bladder
52
Cystoscope
An instrument used to visually examine the urinary bladder
53
-vascular
Blood vessels
54
Cyt/o
Cell
55
Cytology
The study of cells
56
Derm/o
Skin
57
Dermat/o
Skin
58
Dermal
Pertaining to the skin
59
Dermatitis
Inflammation of the skin
60
What are the 3 parts of the small intestine from superior to inferior?
1. Duodenum
2. Jejunum
3. Ileum
61
What is the different between the ileum and ilium?
Ileum - inferior most part of the small intestine (i-l-E-u-m; remember E for intEstine)
Ilium - superior most part of the hip bone (i-l-I-u-m; remember I for HIP)
62
Is the trachea anterior or posterior to the esophagus?
```
Trachea = anterior
Esophagus = posterior
```
63
Which side of the body is the liver on?
Right
64
Is the spleen anterior or posterior to the stomach?
Posterior
65
What side of the body is the stomach on?
Left
66
What side of the body is the heart on?
Left
67
What side of the body is the pancreas on? Where is it in proximity to the duodenum?
```
Medial right (almost central, but toward the right)
Posterior (to the right of the duodenum)
```
68
Encephal/o
Brain
69
Electroencephalogram (EEG)
Record of the electricity within the brain
70
What does an EEG help to diagnose?
Seizure disorders such a epilepsy
71
Col/o
Colon (large intestine)
72
Erythr/o
Red
73
Erthythrocyte
Red blood cells
74
What is the function of the erythrocyte?
Red blood cells carry oxygen
75
Leuk/o
White
76
Leukocyte
White blood cell
77
What is the function of leukocytes?
White blood cells are disease fighting cells
78
What are the 5 types of leukocytes?
1. Eosinophils
2. Basophils
3. Neutrophils
4. Lymphocytes
5. Monocytes
79
What is the function of the eosinophil?
Fight infection
80
What is the function of the basophil?
Immune system surveillance
81
Which of the 5 leukocytes is the most abundant, at 40-70%?
Neutrophils
82
What are the 3 types of lymphocytes?
1. Natural Killers
2. T Cells
3. B Cells
83
What are the two types of monocytes?
1. Macrophages
| 2. Dendritic Cells
84
Platelet
Clotting cells
85
Thromb/o
Clotting
86
Thrombocytes
Clotting cells (also known as platelets)
87
Gnos/o
Knowledge
88
Gastroscopy
Process of visual examination of the stomach using an instrument
89
Diagnosis
“State of complete knowledge”; the complete knowledge gained after testing and examining the patient
90
Dia-
Through
| Complete
91
-sis
State of
92
Prognosis
“State before knowing”; a prediction (before knowledge) that is made after a diagnosis that forecasts the outcome of treatment
93
Pro-
Before
| Forward
94
FORMATION OF PLURALS
Words ending in A
1. Vertebra
2. Bursa
Retain the A and add an E
1. Vertebrae
2. Bursae
95
Vertebra/e
Backbone/s
96
Bursa/e
Sac/s of fluid near a joint
97
FORMATION OF PLURALS
Words ending in IS
1. Diagnosis
2. Psychosis
Drop the IS and add ES
1. Diagnoses
2. Psychoses
98
Psychosis/es
Abnormal condition/s of the mind
99
FORMATION OF PLURALS
Words ending in IX or EX
1. Apex
2. Cortex
3. Varix
Drop the IX or EX and add ICES
1. Apices
2. Cortices
3. Varices
100
Apex/ices
Pointed end/s of organs
101
Cortex/ices
Outer part/s of organs
102
Varix/ices
Enlarged, swollen vein/s
103
FORMATION OF PLURALS
Words ending in ON
ex: Ganglion
Drop the ON and add A
Ex: Ganglia
104
Ganglion/a
Groups of nerve cells; OR
| Benign cysts near a joint (such as the wrists)
105
FORMATION OF PLURALS
Words ending in UM
1. Bacterium
2. Ovum
Drop the UM and add A
1. Bacteria
2. Ova
106
Bacterium/a
Types of one-celled organisms
107
Ova/um
Egg cell/s
108
FORMATION OF PLURALS
Words ending in US
1. Bronchus
2. Calculus
Drop the US and add I*
1. Bronchi
2. Calculi
* Exception to this rule are Viruses and Sinuses
109
Bronchus/i
Tubes leading from the windpipe to the lungs
110
Calculus/i
Stone/s
111
Gynec/o
Woman
| Female
112
Gynecology
The study of women (specifically female reproductive organs and related diseases)
113
Hem/o
Blood
114
Hemoglobin
Protein in red blood cells that help carry oxygen in the blood
115
-globin
protein
116
Hematoma
A mass of blood (or swelling of blood)
117
Hepat/o
Liver
118
Hepatitis
Inflammation of the liver
119
Subungal hematoma
A mass of blood below the nail
120
Ung/o
Nail
121
Lapar/o
Abdomen (area between the chest and hip)
122
-tomy
Cutting into
| Incision
123
Exploratory laparotomy
A surgeon makes a large incision in the abdominal wall to inspect organs for evidence of disease
124
Nephr/o
Kidney
125
Nephrectomy
Removal of the kidney
126
-ectomy
Cutting out
| Excision or resection of an organ or other part of the body
127
Neur/o
Nerve
128
Neurology
The study of nerves
129
Onc/o
Tumor
130
-logist
Specialist
131
Oncologist
Specialist in the study of tumors (cancerous or malignant diseases)
132
Ophthalm/o
Eye
133
Ophthalmoscope
Instrument used to visually examine the eye
134
Ophthalmologist
Specialist of the eyes
135
Oste/o
Bone
136
Osteoarthritis
Inflammation of the joints where degeneration and loss of cartilages occurs
137
Path/o
Disease
138
Pathologist
“Specialist of diseases”; a pathologist is a medical doctor who views biopsy samples to make a diagnosis and examines dead bodies
139
Aut-
Self
140
Autopsy
“Process of viewing the self”; an opportunity to see for oneself what caused a patient’s death
141
Ren/o
Kidneys
142
Rhin/o
Nose
143
Sarc/o
Flesh
144
Medical examiner
A pathologist who specialized in forensic (legal) medicine related to criminal issues
145
Coroner
An elected official (administrator) who investigates any suspicious death
May or may not be a medical examiner.
146
-algia
Pain
147
Neural
Pertaining to the nerves
148
Arthralgia
Pain of the joint
149
Gastrectomy
Excision or resection of the stomach
150
What is a subtotal gastrectomy?
A partial removal of the stomach
151
-emia
Blood condition
152
Leukemia
“Condition of white blood cells”; large numbers of immature, cancerous cells are found in the bloodstream and bone marrow (inner part of the bone that makes blood cells)
153
Arthrogram
Record (x-ray) of the joint
154
-ia
Condition
155
Neuralgia
Condition of the nerves
156
-ism
Condition
| Process
157
Hyperthyroidism
“condition of excessive thyroid”; The thyroid gland is in the neck. It secrets a hormone thyroxine, which helps cells burn food and release energy. In Hyperthyroidism, the gland secretes too much thyroxine.
Also known as Grave’s Disease.
Signs and symptoms include rapid pulse, nervousness, excessive sweating, and swelling of tissue behind the eyeball.
158
Hyper-
Excessive
More than normal
Too much
159
Neurologist
Specialist in the study of nerves/nervous system
160
Nephrology
The study of the kidneys
161
Hepatoma
Cancerous tumor of the liver
162
What is another name for hepatoma?
Hepatocellular carcinoma
163
Cardiology
The study of the heart
164
Dermatology
The study of the skin
165
Endocrinology
The study of the endocrine glands
166
Hematology
The study of blood
167
Psychology
The study of the mind and mental disorders
168
Rheumatology
The study of joint diseases
169
Rheum/o
Flow
Fluid
FUN FACT: Was once thought to cause aches and pains, especially in joints
170
Neurotomy
Cutting of nerves
171
Arthroscopy
Process of visually examining the joint
172
How is a laparoscopy for tubal ligation done? What is the purpose?
Purpose: Interrupt the continuity of the Fallopian tubes as a means of preventing future pregnancy
How it’s done:
1. Vaginal speculum keeps vagina cavity open
2. Uterine cannula is a tube placed into the uterus to manipulate the uterus during the procedure
3. Forceps and tenaculum are used for grasping and manipulating tissue
4. Surgeon goes in laparoscopically with these instruments.
173
A-, an-
No
| Not
174
Anemia
“No blood”; it is a decrease in the number of red blood cells or a decrease in their ability to carry oxygen resulting from less hemoglobin
175
Dys-
Bad
Painful
Difficult
Abnormal
176
Diameter
Complete measure
177
Dysentery
Condition of painful intestines
| Symptoms include bloody stool and abdominal pain
178
Endo-
Within
179
crin/o
Secrete (to form and give off)
180
Endocrine glands
Glands that secrete hormones within the body into the bloodstream
Includes: thyroid gland, pituitary gland, adrenal glands, ovaries, testes
181
What 4 glands are endocrine glands?
| HINT: There are technically 5, but one is different for males and females.
Thyroid gland
Pituitary gland
Adrenal glands
Ovaries / testes
182
Endocardium
“Structure within the heart”; The valves and chambers within the heart are lined with endocardium
183
-um
Structure
184
Exo-
Outside
185
Exocrine glands
Glands secreting chemicals outside of the body
| Includes: sweat, tear, and mammary glands
186
What are 2 exocrine glands? (Three if you’re a woman)
Sweat glands
Tear ducts
Mammary glands
187
Hyperglycemia
“Blood condition of excessive sugar”; a condition where insulin is absent or not working, thus leaving an excess of sugar in the blood.
188
glyc/o
Sugar
189
What is the difference between Type 1 Diabetes and Type 2 Diabetes?
Type 1 Diabetes is when people lack insulin; typically born with this condition or develop it in childhood
Type 2 Diabetes is when people have ineffective insulin; typically develops later in life
190
What is the function insulin? What organ releases insulin?
1. A hormone that allows sugar to leave the bloodstream and enter cells
2. Pancreas
191
Hypo-
Below
Less than normal
Under
192
Hypoglycemia
“Blood condition of too much sugar”; This happens when there is too much insulin in the bloodstream.
Symptoms include weakness, headache, and hunger
193
Peri-
Surrounding
194
Pericardium
Structure surrounding the heart
195
Prostate gland
Gland standing before (in front of) (urinary bladder) in males
196
-state
Stand
197
Re-
Back
198
Resection
“Cutting back an organ”; removing some or all of an organ in the sense of cutting back or away
199
-section
Cutting into an organ
200
Retro-
behind
201
Trans-
Across
| Through
202
Subhepatic
Below liver
203
Transdermal
Through skin
204
Transurethral
Through urethra
205
What is the urethra?
The tube leading from the urinary bladder to the outside of the body
206
What does TURP stand for? What is the purpose of this procedure?
1. Transurethral resection of the prostate gland
2. Surgical procedure to remove no cancerous (benign) growth of the prostate gland; pieces of the enlarged gland are removed through the urethra
207
What is the difference between a gastrotomy and gastrectomy?
Gastrotomy is an incision of the stomach
| Gastrectomy is a removal of part of the stomach
208
Turn the following terms into plurals:
1. Psychosis
2. Ovum
3. Vertebra
4. Bronchus
5. Spermatozoon
6. Apex
1. Psychoses
2. Ova
3. Vertebrae
4. Bronchi
5. Spermatozoa
6. Apices
209
Rhinotomy
Incision of the nose
210
Thrombosis
Condition of clotting
211
What condition requires the following medical procedures?
```
CONDITIONS
A. Adenocarcinoma of an endocrine gland in the neck
B. Epilepsy
C. Heart attack
D. Leukemia
E. Osteogenic sarcoma (bone cancer)
F. Renal cell carcinoma
G. Stomach ulcer
H. Urinary bladder carcinoma
```
PROCEDURES
1. Below-the-knee resection (amputation)
2. Bone marrow biopsy
3. Electrocardiogram
4. Cystoscopy
5. Nephrectomy
6. Thyroid gland resection
7. Gastroscopy
8. Electroencephalogram
1. Below-the-knee resection (amputation) = E. Osteogenic sarcoma
2. Bone marrow biopsy = D. Leukemia
3. Electrocardiogram = C. Heart Attack
4. Cystoscopy = H. Urinary bladder carcinoma
5. Nephrectomy = F. Renal cell carcinoma
6. Thyroid gland resection = A. Adenocarcinoma
7. Gastroscopy = G. Stomach ulcer
8. Electroencephalogram = B. Epilepsy
212
What is the principal diagnosis?
The cause, after evaluation, for the patient’s admission to the hospital
213
What is a POA diagnosis? What does POA stand for?
POA = present on admission
| Reflects the incidental conditions that are noted and treated if necessary but are not the cause for hospital admission
214
What is the admitting diagnosis?
The cause, BEFORE further evaluation, for admission to the hospital
215
What is edema?
Swelling due to slow or sluggish blood flow
Fluid seeps out of tiny vessels into tissue spaces
Often caused by a blood clot in a blood vessel
216
Leukocytosis
Slight increase in the number of NORMAL white blood cells as a response to infection
