Chapter 4: Prefixes Flashcards
1
Q
An/o
A
Anus
2
Q
Carp/o
A
Carpals (wrist bones)
3
Q
Cis/o
A
To cut
4
Q
Cost/o
A
Ribs (costals)
5
Q
Cutane/o
A
Skin
6
Q
Dur/o
A
Dura mater of meninges (outermost layer)
7
Q
gen/o
A
To produce
To begin
8
Q
Nat/i
A
Birth
9
Q
Norm/o
A
Rule
Order
10
Q
Plas/o
A
Development
Formation
Growth
11
Q
Scapul/o
A
Scapula (shoulder blade)
12
Q
Son/o
A
Sound
13
Q
Thyroid/o
A
Thyroid gland
14
Q
Top/o
A
To put, place, position
15
Q
Troph/o
A
Development
Nourishment
16
Q
Ven/o
A
Vein
17
Q
-ation
A
Process
Condition
18
Q
-cision
A
Process of cutting
19
Q
-crine
A
Secretion
20
Q
-dipsia
A
Thirst
21
Q
-gen
A
To produce
22
Q
-ia
A
Condition
23
Q
-ine
A
Pertaining to
24
Q
-ism
A
Condition
Process
25
-lapse
To fall, slide
26
-lysis
Loosening
Breakdown
Separation
Desctruction
27
-meter
Measure
28
-mission
To send
29
-mortem
Death
30
-oma
Mass or tumor
31
-ous
Pertaining to
32
-partum
Birth
33
-pathy
Disease condtion
34
-phagia
Eating
35
-phasia
Speech
36
-plasia
Formation (condition)
37
-plasm
Formation (tissue)
38
-plegia
Paralysis
39
-pnea
Breathing
40
-rrhea
Flow
| Discharge
41
-section
To cut
42
-stasis
To stand, place, stop, control
43
-tension
Pressjure
44
-thesis
To put, place (state of putting or placing)
45
-tic
Pertaining to
46
-trophy
Development
| Nourishment
47
-um
Structure
48
-y
Process
| Condition
49
A-, an-
No
Not
Without
50
Ab-
Away from
51
Ad-
Toward
| Near
52
Ana-
Up, apart
53
Ante-
Before
| Forward
54
Anti-
Against
55
Bi-
two
| Both
56
Brady-
Slow
57
Con-
Together
| With
58
Dia-
Complete
| Through
59
Dys
Bad
Difficult
Painful
Abnormal
60
Ec-
Out
| Outside
61
Endo-
Within
In
Inner
62
Epi-
Above
| Upon
63
Ex-
Out
64
Extra-
Outside of
65
Hemi-
Half
66
Hyper-
Excessive
Too much
Above
67
Hypo
Deficient
Too little
Below
68
In-
In
| Into
69
Inter-
Between
70
Intra-
Within
71
Mal-
Bad
72
Meta-
Change
| Beyond
73
Ign (word root)
“Fire”; root of malIGNant and benIGN.
Mal = Bad; a malignant tumor spreads like wildfire
Ben = good; a benign tumor does not spread
74
Neo-
New
75
Para-
Beside
Near
Along the side of
76
Peri-
Surrounding
77
poly-
Many
| Much
78
Post-
After
| Behind
79
Pre-
Before
80
Pro-
Before
| Forward
81
Quadri-
Four
82
Re-
Back
| Behind
83
Retro-
Back
| Behind
84
Sub-
Under
| Less than
85
Syn-
With
| Together
86
Tachy-
Fast
87
Trans-
Across
| Through
88
Tri-
Three
89
Ultra-
Beyond
90
Uni-
One
91
Apnea
“No breathing”; occurs when breathing suddenly stops while sleeping
92
Aphasia
“No speech”; a stroke affecting the language area of the brain can produce this condition
93
Atrophy
“No development”; disuse of a muscle can result in muscular atrophy; muscles shrink as cells decrease in size
94
Anemia
“No blood”; decrease in RBCs
95
Amenorrhea
“No menses”; no menstrual flow
96
Abnormal
“Pertaining to away from rule”; away from normal
97
Adrenal glands
“Near kidney glands”; sit on top of kidneys
98
TYPES OF ANEMIA
1. Aplastic anemia
2. Hemolytic anemia
3. Iron deficiency anemia
4. Pernicious anemia
5. Sickle cell anemia
1. Aplastic anemia - bone marrow fails to produce RBCs, WBCs, and platelets
2. Hemolytic anemia - RBCs are destroyed (-LYTIC) and bone marrow cannot compensate for their loss
3. Iron deficiency anemia - Low iron levels lead to low hemoglobin or deficiency of RBCs
4. Pernicious anemia - Mucous membrane of stomach fails to produce substance (intrinsic factor) that is necessary fr absorption of Vitamin B12 and proper formation of RBCs
5. Sickle cell anemia - RBCs assume an abnormal crescent shape; they clump together causing clots that block blood vessels
99
Analysis
“Break apart”
100
Antepartum
Before birth
101
Antigen
“Produce against”; antigens are foreign substances that enter the body (i.e., bacteria, viruses) and stimulate WBCs to produce antibodies that act against antigens
102
Antibody
“Body against”; a protein made by WBCs—literally a “body” working “against” foreign substances
103
Urinalysis
The separation of urine to determine its components.
```
TYPICAL URINALYSIS:
Color: light yellow
Clarity: Clear
pH: slightly acidic
Protein: very slight
Sugar: None
```
```
ABNORMAL URINALSYS:
Color: red (hematuria)
Clarity: cloudy (infection)
pH: alkaline (infection)
Protein: proteinuria (renal disease)
Sugar: glycosuria (diabetes mellitus)
```
104
Antibiotic
“Pertaining to against life”; similar to antibodies, but produced OUTSIDE the body by microorganisms and primitive plants called molds.
Examples: penicillin, erythromycin
105
Bilateral
Both sides
106
Bradycardia
“Slow heart”; heart beats slow
107
Congenital
“Produce together”; a congenital anomaly is an irregularity (anomaly) present at birth.
Examples: webbed fingers or toes, heart defects
108
Diarrhea
“Flow through”; feces are loose and watery; normal water reabsorption through the walls of the colon is impaired
109
Dyspnea
Abnormal breathing
110
Dysphagia
Difficulty eating
111
Dysplasia
Abnormal development
112
Dysmenorrhea
Abnormal flow of menses
113
Dysuria
Painful urination
114
Ectopic pregnancy
“Pregnancy pertaining to position outside”; when a pregnancy occurs outside of the uterus—the ovaries, Fallopian tubes, inner lining of uterus, surface of peritoneum
115
What is the difference between -PHAGIA, -PHASIA, and -PLASIA?
- phagia: esophagus
- phasia: speech
- plasia: formation
116
TYPES OF ENDOSCOPY PROCEDURES
1. Arthroscopy
2. Bronchoscopy
3. Colonoscopy
4. Cystoscopy
5. Esophagogastroscopy
6. Hysteroscopy
7. Laparoscopy
8. Mediastinoscopy
9. Sigmoidoscopy
1. Arthroscopy - visual examination of a joint
2. Bronchoscopy - visual examination of the bronchial tube
3. Colonoscopy - visual examination of the colon
4. Cystoscopy - visual examination of the bladder
5. Esophagogastroscopy - visual examination of the esophagus and stomach
6. Hysteroscopy - visual examination of the uterus
7. Laparoscopy - visual examination of the abdomen
8. Mediastinoscopy - visual examination of the mediastinum
9. Sigmoidoscopy - visual examination of the sigmoid colon
117
Endoscopy
Visual examination within the body
118
Where are the adrenal glands? What hormone do they secrete?
1. Above the kidneys; LUQ and RUQ
| 2. Adrenaline (epinephrine)
119
Where are the ovaries? What hormones do they secrete?
1. Bilateral to the uterus; LLQ and RLQ
| 2. Estrogen and progesterone
120
Where is the pancreas? What hormone does it secrete?
1. RUQ, posterior to the liver
| 2. Insulin
121
Where are the parathyroid glands? What hormone do they secrete?
1. Quadrilateral to the thyroid; posterior the thyroid
| 2. Parathyroid hormone (PTH)
122
Where is the pituitary gland? What hormones does it secrete?
1. Inferiorly and medially to the cerebrum, anterior to the cerebellum; superior to the pharynx area
2. Adrenocorticotropic (ACTH), follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH), growth hormone (GH), Thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH)
123
Where are the testes? What hormone do they secrete?
1. Posterior to the penis, inferior to the urinary bladder
| 2. Testosterone
124
Where is the thyroid gland? What hormone does it secrete?
1. Anterior to the pharynx and trachea
| 2. Thyroxine (T4)
125
Epidural hematoma
“Mass of blood above dura mater”
126
Subdural hematoma
“Mass of blood below the dura mater”
127
Epidermis
“Pertaining to above skin”; the outermost layer of skin
128
Dermis
“Pertaining to skin”; middle layer of skin
129
Subcutaneous
“Pertaining to below the skin”; innermost layer of skin
130
Excision
“Process of cutting out”
131
Extrahepatic
Pertaining to outside of the liver
132
Hemigastresctomy
Excision of half of the stomach
133
Hemiplegia
“Paralyzation of half”; when one half (lateral) of the body is paralyzed, usually caused by a CVA or brain lesion (such as a tumor). The resulting paralysis occurs on the side OPPOSITE of the brain disorder
134
Hypertrophy
“Excessive growth”; when cells increase in SIZE (*NOT* number)
135
What is the difference between hypertrophy and atrophy?
Hypertrophy: increase in cell size
Atrophy: decrease in cell size
136
Hypertension
“Too much pressure”; also known as high blood pressure.
Risk factors include age, smoking, obesity, heredity, and a stressful lifestyle
137
Intravenous
Pertaining to within the vein
138
Incision
Process of cutting into
139
Intervertebral
Pertaining to between the vertebrae
140
Intrauterine
Within the uterus
141
Metastasis
“Change of place”; it is the spread of a cancerous tumor from its original pace to a secondary location in the body
142
Metacarpals
“Beyond carpals”; Carpals are the wrist bones; metacarpals are the hand bones
143
Neoplasm
“New tissue”
144
Neoplastic
“New growth”
145
Neonatal
“New birth”; neonates are babies who are born prematurely. They are often cared for in the neonatal intensive care unit (NICU)
146
INTENSIVE CARE UNITS
What do these abbreviations mean?
1. MICU
2. MSICU
3. PICU
4. SICU
5. NICU
1. Medical intensive care unit
2. Medical/surgical intensive care unit
3. Pediatric or psychiatric intensive care unit
4. Surgical intensive care unit
5. Neonatal intensive care unit
147
Paralysis
“Near loose” or “near separation”; a loss of movement in any part of the body caused by a break in the connection between the nerve and muscle
148
Paraplegia
“Near paralysis”; ORIGINALLY this term meant paralysis of any limb or side of the body. Since the nineteenth century, however, is has incited paralysis of the LOWER HALF of the body
149
Periosteum
“structure surrounding bone”
150
Perianal
Pertaining to surrounding the anus
151
Polyuria
“Too much urine”; excessive urination
152
Polyneuropathy
“Disease condition of many nerves”; malfunction of many peripheral nerves
153
Polydipsea
“Much thirst”; excessive thirst
154
Polyuria and polydipsia are two common symptoms of which disease?
Diabetes mellitus (Type 1 Diabetes)
155
Postpartum
“After birth”
156
Postmortem
“After death”
157
Precancerous
“Before cancer”; an example of a precancerous lesion is a polyp (benign growth) commonly found in the colon. These neoplasms are often removed via colonoscopy because they eventually become malignant.
158
Prolapse
“Slide forward”
159
Prosthesis
“Place before”; an artificial limb is placed before the limb
160
Ketones
Substances made by body if cells don’t get enough glucose
161
Ketoacidosis (diabetic ketoacidosis, DKA)
Abnormal condition of ketones in the blood or urine (high ketone levels); a complication of diabetes
162
Quadriplegia
Paralysis of all four limbs
163
Relapse
“Slide back”; when symptoms of a disease return
164
Exacerbation
An increase in the severity of a disease or any of its symptoms
165
Remission
“To send back”; symptoms of a disease lessen
166
Resection
“Cut back”
167
Retroperitoneal
Pertaining to behind the peritoneum
168
Subcostal
Pertaining to below the costals
169
Subcutaneous
Innermost level of the skin
170
Subtotal gastrectomy
A partial resection of the stomach
171
Subscapular
Pertaining to below the scapula
172
Syndrome
“Occurring together”; groups of symptoms or signs of illness that occur together
173
-Drome
Occurring or recurring
174
Tachycardia
“Heart fast”; heart beats fast
175
Tachypnea
“Breathing fast”
176
What are are at least 2 signs and symptoms of acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS)? What is the cause of AIDS?
SIGNS/SYMPTOMS
1. Severe infections
2. Malignancy (sarcoma and lymphoma)
3. Fever
4. Malaise (discomfort)
5. Gastrointestinal disturbances
CAUSE
Infection with a virus that damages lymphocytes (WBCs)
177
What are 2 signs and symptoms of carpal tunnel syndrome? What causes it?
SIGNS/SYMPTOMS
1. Pain, tingling, burning, and/or numbness of the hand and wrist
CAUSE
A nerve leading to the hand is compressed by connective tissue fibers in the wrist
178
What are 2 signs or symptoms of Down Syndrome? What causes it?
SIGNS/SYMPTOMS
1. Mental retardation
2. Flat face with short nose
3. Slanted eyes
4. Broad hands and feet
5. Stubby fingers
6. Protruding lower lip
CAUSE
An extra chromosome is present in each cell of the body
179
What are 2 signs or symptoms of mitral valve prolapse syndrome? What causes it?
SIGNS/SYMPTOMS
1. Heart murmurs
2. Chest pain
3. Dyspnea
4. Fatigue
CAUSE
Mitral valve not closing properly
180
What are 2 signs or symptoms or toxic shock syndrome? What causes it?
SIGNS/SYMPTOMS
1. Fever
2. Vomiting
3. Diarrhea
4. Rash
5. Hypotension (low blood pressure)
6. Shock
CAUSES
Typically caused by a bacterial infection in the vagina of menstruating women using superabsorbant tampons
181
Transabdominal
Across the abdomen
182
Transurethral
Through urethra
183
Benign prostatic hypertrophy (BPH)
Benign increase in cell size within prostate
184
Tricuspid valve
Three-pointed-end valve; on the right side of the heart
185
-cuspid
“Pointed end” (as if a spear)
186
Bicuspid valve (mitral valve)
Two-pointed-end valve; on the left side of the heart
187
Describe the process by which blood enters and leaves the heart.
1. Blood enters through the RIGHT ATRIUM from the venae cavae
2. Blood passes down through the TRICUSPID VALVE into the RIGHT VENTRICLE
3. Blood then travels OUT TO THE LUNGS where is loses CO2 and picks up oxygen
4. Blood RETURNS to the heart through the LEFT ATRIUM
5. Blood passes down through MITAL VALVE (bicuspid) ito the LEFT VENTRICLE
6. Blood is then pumped superiority and out of the heart through the AORTA into the rest of the body.
The vena cava is on the right posterior side of the heart. It extends superiority and inferiorly.
The aorta is the largest heart artery. It is inferior to the rest of the heart, connecting inferiorly to the left ventricle.
Right side = oxygen poor
Left side = oxygen rich
188
Ultrasonography
Also known as sonography; “record of sound beyond”; uses sound waves to produce images
189
Unilateral
Pertaining to one side
190
Extracranial
Outside the skull
191
Which meaning is correct for the following:
Dys- and Mal-
1. Outside
2. Good
3. Bad
3. Bad
192
Which meaning is correct for the following:
hypo- and sub-
1. Under
2. Above
3. Outside
1. Under
193
Which meaning is correct for the following:
Epi- and hyper-
1. Inside
2. Beneath
3. Above
3. above
194
Which meaning is correct for the following:
Con- and Syn-
1. Apart
2. Near
3. With
3. With
195
Which meaning is correct for the following:
Ultra- and meta-
1. new
2. Beyond
3. Without
2. Beyond
196
Which meaning is correct for the following:
Ante-, pre-, pro-, pros-
1. Before
2. Surrounding
3. Between
1. Before
197
Which meaning is correct for the following:
Ec-, extra-
1. Within
2. Many
3. Outside
3. Outside
198
Which meaning is correct for the following:
Endo, intra-, in-
1. Painful
2. Within
3. Through
2. Within
199
Which meaning is correct for the following:
Post-, re-, retro-
1. Behind
2. Slow
3. Together
1. Behind
200
Dactyl/o
Fingers
201
Polydactyly
Additional digits on the hand
202
Polydactyly occurs as a ________________ anomaly.
Congenital
203
After what procedure or condition might intravenous feeding be necessary?
```
A. Hemodialysis
B. Hemigastrectomy
C. Polyneuropathy
D. Epidural hematoma
E. Ultrasonography
```
B. Hemigastrectomy
204
What dose a continuous positive airway pressure device do?
The CPAP device allows the user to maintain adequate oxygen levels while sleeping
205
When would a CPAP device be used?
Apnea
206
What is the difference between a syndrome and a disease?
SYNDROME: A group of signs and symptoms that occur together indicating a particular condition, the cause of which is not always known.
DISEASE: A specific medical condition often marked by an identifiable cause. Synonyms include illness, sickness, morbidity.
207
What is the difference between antigens, antibodies, and antibiotics?
ANTIGENS: A foreign substance, such as bacteria, virus or fungi, that enters the body and stimulates WBCs to produce an immune response
ANTIBODIES: An immune response produced WITHIN the body to destroy antigens
ANTIBIOTICS: produced OUTSIDE the body and taken as medication to kill or inhibit the growth of antigens
208
What is the difference between remission and relapse?
REMISSION: When disease symptoms lessen or become absent
RELAPSE: When disease symptoms return
