CHAPTER 1 - HEMOSTASIS Flashcards
1
Q
purplish red, pinpoint hemorrhagic spots in the skin
A
Petechiae
2
Q
caused by loss of capillary ability to withstand normal blood pressure and trauma.
A
Petechiae
3
Q
1-2 mm
A
Petechiae
4
Q
cause: rupture of weak capillary (due to genetics, thrombocytopenia (low plt ct))
A
Petechiae
5
Q
non-blanching (Diff to rash) or non-palpable
A
Petechiae
6
Q
produced by hemorrhage of blood into small areas of skin, mucous membranes, and other tissues
A
Purpura
7
Q
First appears red-purple the turns brownish yellow
A
Purpura
8
Q
> or = 3 mm
A
Purpura
9
Q
Bigger than Petechiae
A
Purpura
10
Q
Coalesced Petechiae (united)
A
Purpura
11
Q
small areas of the skin and mm, and other tissues
A
Purpura
12
Q
cause: bleeding under the skin (hemmorhage)
A
Purpura
13
Q
Purpura types:
(exists on the kin)
(from the skin, deeper to mm)
more significat
A
dry type
wet type
wet type
14
Q
appears like hemmorhagic blisters
A
Purpura
15
Q
indicates thrombocytopenia)
A
Purpura
16
Q
non-blanching or palpable
A
Purpura
17
Q
a form of purpura in which blood escapes into large areas of skin or mucous membranes, but not into deep tissue.
A
Ecchymosis
18
Q
Appears Black/blue then turns greenish brown to yellow
A
Ecchymosis
19
Q
> 1-2 cms
A
Ecchymosis
20
Q
bruising on large areas of the skin (subcutaneous accumulation of blood)
A
Ecchymosis
21
Q
difference in color is caused by breakdown of Hb to biliverdin to bilirubiin
A
Ecchymosis
22
Q
Cause: on going coagulation or damage to the blood
A
Ecchymosis
23
Q
Nosebleed
A
Epistaxis
24
Q
One of the symptoms of vascular fragility
A
Epistaxis
25
low plt ct or genetic cause
Epistaxis
Petechiae
26
significance: vasc fragility (hema)
Epistaxis
27
leakage of blood into a joint cavity
Hemarthrosis (-ses for plural)
28
Cause: trauma
Hemarthrosis (-ses for plural)
29
attributed to bleeding disorders ex: Hemophilia, any other casesw/ cog factor deficiency
Hemarthrosis (-ses for plural)
30
vomiting of blood
Hematemesis
31
Cause: ulceration in the GIT
Hematemesis
32
vomiting from GI
Hematemesis
33
happens when blood vessels does not close
Hematemesis
34
Hematemesis 3 components:
o BV
o CF
o Plt
35
expectoration of blood secondary to hemorrhage in the larynx, trachea, bronchi or lungs
Hemoptysis
36
Spitting of blood from the respiratory system
Hemoptysis
37
a swelling or tumor in the tissues or a body cavity that contains clotted blood
Hematoma
38
>2-3 cm
Hematoma
39
solid clot causing swelling under skin
Hematoma
40
cause: broken blood vessels and bleeding disorders
Hematoma
41
hard and painful
Hematoma
42
in vivo blood clot causing vascular occlusion and tissue ischemia
43
7 fates:
44
- travels around the body
propagation
45
-clot w/ many substances
Emboli formation
46
Emboli formation 3 cpts:
plt
trapped rbc
fibrin
47
floating in the cavities
Foreign body
48
- clot gets infected
Abscession
49
- normal; dissolving of clot once formed
Dissolution
50
dissolution of clot
fibrnolysis
51
thrombus stocked can impede blood flow causing kidney shutdown
stock in canals
Recanalize
52
Tissue ischemia
Recanalize
53
cannot fibrinolize
- clot calcifies
Calsification
54
formation, presence of a clot in a blood vessel
Thrombosis
55
presence of intact red cells in the urine
Hematuria
56
Intact rbc
Hematuria
57
Fresh bleeding near the sex organ
Hematuria
58
bleeding in the lower portion (urethra, bladder)
Hematuria
59
Clear, yellow after centrifugation
Hematuria
60
presence of hemoglobin in the urine
Hemoglobinur ia
61
Lysed rbc
Hemoglobinur ia
62
bleeding in the upper portion (kidney)
Hemoglobinur ia
63
Red after centrifugation
Hemoglobinur ia
64
passage of dark tarry stool containing decomposing blood
Melena
65
Dark tarry red stool
Melena
66
dried up blood
Melena
67
bleeding in the upper GIT
Melena
68
excessive menstrual bleeding
Menorrhagia
69
Heavy bleeding
Menorrhagia
70
lasts for > 7 days
Menorrhagia
71
cause: hormonal or fibroids (cysts)
Menorrhagia
72
resulting to anemia
Menorrhagia
73
passage of blood in feces
Hematochezia
74
Bright red stool
Hematochezia
75
fresh bleeding
Hematochezia
76
bleeding in the lower GIT
Hematochezia
77
decreased formation of clots
HYPOCOAGULATION
78
increased formation of clots
HYPERCOAGULATION
79
bleeeding disorders
HYPOCOAGULATION
80
thrombotic/clotting disorders
HYPERCOAGULATION
81
: a complex mechanism that,
-retains the blood within the vascular system during periods of injury (vasoconstriction)
-localizes the reaction involved to the site of injury. (platelet adhesion and aggregation)
-repairs and re-establishes blood flow through the injured vessels. (Coagulation and fibrinolysis)
HEMOSTASIS
82
-retains the blood within the vascular system during periods of injury (?)
vasoconstriction
83
-localizes the reaction involved to the site of injury. (?)
platelet adhesion and aggregation
84
-repairs and re-establishes blood flow through the injured vessels. (?)
Coagulation and fibrinolysis
85
Three Components of Hemostasis:
1) Extravascular component
2) Vascular component
3) Intravascular component
86
Stages of Hemostasis
87
B. Secondary Hemostasis
-Activated by large injuries to the blood vessel, releasing tissue factor.
Steps involved:
a) Activation of coagulation proteins.
b) Stabilization of platelet plug.
c) Fibrinolysis.
-Characteristics: Delayed, long term
-Regulation: Naturally occurring inhibitors block activated coagulation factors to avoid
a) Blood vessel constriction
b) Platelet function cascade
c) Product: Platelet plug formation
88
-activated by desquamation of damaged endothelial cells from small tissue injuries.
A. Primary Hemostasis
89
-Characteristics: Rapid, short-lived response.
A. Primary Hemostasis
90
-Activated by large injuries to the blood vessel, releasing tissue factor.
B. Secondary Hemostasis
91
B. Secondary Hemostasis Steps involved:
a) Activation of coagulation proteins
b) Stabilization of platelet plug.
c) Fibrinolysis.
92
-Characteristics: Delayed, long term
B. Secondary Hemostasis
93
-Regulation: Naturally occurring inhibitors block activated coagulation factors to avoid widespread coagulation.
B. Secondary Hemostasis
94
: These substances work against the coagulation process, preventing blood coagulation.
1) ANTICOAGULANTS
95
Warfarin is an example of this.
1) ANTICOAGULANTS
96
: initiates the process of fibrinolysis or blood clot degradation.
2) FIBRINOLYTIC
97
: substances that keep the blood vessels from narrowing or contracting.
3) VASODILATOR
98
It causes the blood vessel's interior (lumen) to widen.
3) VASODILATOR
99
: substances that tighten or shrink the blood vessels.
4) VASOCONSTRICTOR
100
It causes the blood vessels' lumen to be smaller.
4) VASOCONSTRICTOR
101
: a substance that is necessary for the coagulation of blood to occur.
5) PROCOAGULANT
102
These promote/stimulate coagulation,
hence known as "hemostatic agents."
5) PROCOAGULANT
103
Examples of these are Tissue factor and FXa.
5) PROCOAGULANT
