CHAPTER 1 - HEMOSTASIS PART 4 Flashcards
1
Q
- resemble myeloblast and pronormoblast.
A
A. Megakaryoblast
2
Q
- Cytoplasm is abundant, with minimal lobularity
A
B. Promegakaryocyte
3
Q
-nucleus is lobulated and basophilic.
A
C.Megakaryocyte
4
Q
Cytoplasm is granular and azurophilic.
A
C.Megakaryocyte
5
Q
With DMS
A
C.Megakaryocyte
6
Q
: future platelet
A
D. Metamegakaryocyte
7
Q
Nucleus* MK-I (Megakaryoblast)
A
Round
8
Q
Nucleus* MK-II (Promegakaryocyte)
A
Indented
9
Q
Nucleus* MK-III (Megakaryocyte)
A
Multilobed
10
Q
Chromatin* MK-I (Megakaryoblast)
A
Homogenous
11
Q
Chromatin* MK-II (Promegakaryocyte)
A
12
Q
Chromatin* MK-III(Megakaryocyte)
A
Deeply and variably condensed
13
Q
Endomitosis* MK-I (Megakaryoblast)
A
14
Q
Endomitosis* MK-II (Promegakaryocyte)
A
15
Q
Endomitosis* MK-III(Megakaryocyte)
A
16
Q
Demarcation system Present (Rodak’s)
A
MK-I (Megakaryoblast)
MK-II (Promegakaryocyte)
MK-III(Megakaryocyte)
17
Q
Demarcation system Present (Steininger)
A
MK-III(Megakaryocyte)
18
Q
20
A
MK-I (Megakaryoblast)
19
Q
25
A
MK-II (Promegakaryocyte)
20
Q
55
A
MK-III(Megakaryocyte)
21
Q
14—18 mm
A
MK-I (Megakaryoblast)
22
Q
15—40 mm
A
MK-II (Promegakaryocyte)
23
Q
30—50 mm
A
MK-III(Megakaryocyte)
24
Q
2—6
A
MK-I (Megakaryoblast)
25
Variable
MK-II (Promegakaryocyte)
26
Not visible
MK-III(Megakaryocyte)
27
3:1
MK-I (Megakaryoblast)
28
1:2
MK-II (Promegakaryocyte)
29
1:4
MK-III(Megakaryocyte)
30
Mitosis Absent
MK-I (Megakaryoblast)
MK-II (Promegakaryocyte)
MK-III(Megakaryocyte)
31
Basophilic
MK-I (Megakaryoblast)
32
Basophilic and granular
MK-II (Promegakaryocyte)
33
Azurophilic and granular
MK-III(Megakaryocyte)
34
a-Granules Present
MK-I (Megakaryoblast)
MK-II (Promegakaryocyte)
MK-III(Megakaryocyte)
35
Dense granules Present
MK-I (Megakaryoblast)
MK-II (Promegakaryocyte)
MK-III(Megakaryocyte)
36
Platelets- originated from
megakaryocyte cytoplasm
37
Platelets Characteristics:
-Granular cytoplasm
-No nuclear material
38
-Size:
2-4 um (2.5 um)
39
Types of platelets:
RESTING PLATELET
STRESS PLATELET
40
-MPV:
7 fL (8-10 fL)
41
-Lifespan:
9-10 days (8-11 days)
42
-Normal count:
150450x10^9/L (150-400)
43
Normally biconvex
RESTING PLATELET
44
Markedly larger than normal platelet
STRESS PLATELET
45
RESTING PLATELET EDTA:
round
46
RESTING PLATELET Wright stained smear:
circular/irregular
47
STRESS PLATELET EDTA:
round
48
STRESS PLATELET Citrated blood:
cylindrical (pencil-shape) or beaded
49
STRESS PLATELET MPV:
> 6 um; 12to 14 fL
50
Flow smoothly in veins
RESTING PLATELET
51
Carry ribosomes and fragment of RER
STRESS PLATELET
52
It moves back and forth from venules to the white pulp (sequestration)
RESTING PLATELET
53
Comes from rapid proplatelet extension and release
STRESS PLATELET
54
**Sequestered platelet
RESTING PLATELET
55
***Prothrombic
STRESS PLATELET
56
-Primary Hemostasis-
maintain vascular integrity
57
-Secondary Hemostasis-
participates in blood coagulation.
58
I. Peripheral Zone- contains
Glycocalyx, Plasma Membrane and Submembrane area
59
a) Glycocalyx
-Gp [?]
la,lIb,Ic, lla, lIb,IlI, IV and V
60
a) Glycocalyx
-Surface for the adherence of CF:
I,V, VII, XI, XII, XIII
61
a) Glycocalyx
-VWF:[?]
VIII
62
- underlies the plasma membrane; receives message from outside
Il. Submembrane Area
63
- underlies the submembrane filaments
IlI. Sol-Gel Zone
64
contractile force after activation of platelets
a) Microtubules:
65
cytoskeleton
b) Microfilaments:
66
communication of the organelles
c) Sol gel stable gel component:
67
IV. Organelle Zone: (Refer to page 14/93 of your module)
68
V. Membrane System:
-Open Canalicular System
-Dense Tubular System
69
: for external communication
-Open Canalicular System
70
: for arachidonic synthesis
-Dense Tubular System
71
HMWK
Alpha
72
Fibrinogen
Alpha
73
Factor V and VIll:wWE
Alpha
74
Thrombospond
Alpha
75
PF4
Alpha
76
Beta thromboglobulin
Alpha
77
PDGF
Alpha
78
Plasminogen and a-2 antiplasmin
Alpha
79
C1 esterase inhibitor
Alpha
80
ADP
Dense
81
АТР
Dense
82
Calcium
Dense
83
Magnesium
Dense
84
Serotonin
Dense
85
-adheres to detached/injured endothelium
Adhesion
86
- shape change
Platelet Release Reaction
87
-Alpha and Dense granules release substances
Platelet Release Reaction
88
Platelet aggregation -
Glycoprotein and Fibrinogen
89
Vasoconstriction-
serotonin
90
Clot formation-
PF3
91
PLATELETS - originated from megakaryocyte cytoplasm thru
platelet shedding or thrombopoiesis
92
More specific for plt production
thrombopoiesis
93
: acts on megakaryocyte to shed off platelet
thrombopoietin
94
stimulated BM to roduce megakaryocyte; induces production and proliferation
thrombopoietin
95
thrombopoietin targets
megakaryocyte and platelet
96
needed to shed off platelet
growth factors/cytokines
97
: induces plt shedding
Interleukin 3, 6, 11
98
is not automatic
shedding of cytoplasm
99
[?] is released in the circulation → sequestered in the [?] due to small arterioles → megakaryocyte proceed to the smallest one allowing only [?] to pass thru leaving the cytoplasm → cytoplasm gets perforated by macrophage to divide into small pieces that becomes the [?]
megakaryocyte
spleen
nucleus
platelet
100
– production of megakaryocyte
Megakaryopoiesis
101
: no granules yet (starts w/ promyelocyte)
Myeloblast
102
primary granules -
promyelocyte
103
secondary -
myelocyte
104
tertiary -
metamyelocyte
105
- none yet
pronormoblast
106
all look the same in al blasts
size, appearance and cytoplasm
107
is distinguishable from myeloblast and pronormoblast in terms of size (more cytoplasm)
Promegakaryocyte
108
Megakaryocyte
[?] stage (Rodaks); [?] (Steininger)
Last and final
third
109
Produces platelet (Rodaks)
Megakaryocyte
110
Produces platelet (Steininger)
Metamegakaryocyte
111
has a demarcation system
Megakaryocyte
112
: extension of platelet; marks the boundary of a true cytoplasm from an extension cytoplasm
demarcation system
113
Not all produces platelet. Not because of long DMS or large cytoplasm but because it must have
at least 4 nuclei
114
there is already a complete DMS where future platelet are derived from
115
Platelet comes from the DMS
Metamegakaryocyte
116
2 organelles/component of platelet:
mitochondria and granules
117
does not have a nuclues (not true blood cell)
platelet
118
one of the most fxnal blood cell in the body
platelet
119
Diseases of large platelet:
120
[?] has higher plt ct – [?] are born with faster plt production
Women
woman
121
men:
122 to 350
122
women:
140 to 379
123
Men has higher rbc – woman has [?] that inhibits erythropoiesis
estrogen
124
• Diameter
2 - 4 um (range) 2.5 um (average)
125
• MPV (Mean Platelet Volume)
8 - 10 fL (range): Actual
2 - 20 fL: Automated
7 fL (average) ): Actual
126
• Reference platelet count
150,000 - 450,000/pL (Steininger)
150,000 - 400,000/pL (Rodak’s)*
127
• Daily turnover
35 X 10%/L (+/- 43)
128
• Lifespan
8 - 11 days
9 - 10 days (Rodak’s)*
129
• Function
maintenance of vascular integrity and blood coagulation
130
Circulating or Peripheral platelet
RESTING PLATELET
131
– seen in blood smear
Circulating or Peripheral platelet
132
(1D – other side can be seen)
EDTA: round
133
(2D)
Wright stained smear: circular/irregular
134
Normally biconvex
RESTING PLATELET
135
Flow smoothly in veins
RESTING PLATELET
136
It moves back and forth from venules to the white pulp (sequestration)
RESTING PLATELET
137
:Some plt are found in the speel and not circulating, otherwise, prothrombic (may clot)
Sequestered platelet
138
Circulating:
2/3
139
Spleen: sequestered in the spleen
1/3 (30%)
140
Hides and used up during bleeding
Sequestered platelet
141
Occurs in injury, inflammation, and surgeries
Sequestered platelet
142
Markedly larger than normal platelet
STRESS PLATELET
143
Reticulated platelet
STRESS PLATELET
144
– forced by BM to mature when needed
Reticulated platelet
145
Carry ribosomes and fragment of RER like rbc from megakaryocyte
STRESS PLATELET
146
Comes from rapid proplatelet extension and release
STRESS PLATELET
147
More clots are produced when released to the circulation sinceit is very reactive
Prothrombic
148
accumulated/occluded clot may proceed to the brain or heart
Prothrombic
149
px is prone to cardiovascular disease
Prothrombic
150
Occurs in thrombocytopenia
Prothrombic
151
Lines the endothelium
Primary Hemostasis
152
Provides phospholipid membrane
Secondary Hemostasis
153
– assembly area of coagulation (Plt FIII)
phospholipid membrane
154
outer portio
Glycocalyx
155
thicker than cytoplasma of rbc and wbc has the F III
Glycocalyx
156
surface for the adherence of CF
Glycocalyx
157
serves as a surface coat and has a very thick (than rbc) and dense (than wbc) charac
Glycocalyx
158
: imp for adherence and aggregation
Gp Ia, Ib,Ic, IIa, lIb, III, IV and V
159
: adhesion
Ib-IX-V complex
o P1 selectin
o MAC 1
160
: agggregation
IIb-IIa
161
Surface for the adherence of CF:
I,V,VII, XI, XII, XIII
162
used glycocalyx of platelet as surface adherence area
I,V,VII, XI, XII, XIII
163
VWF: VIII - one complex
: imp for platelet
: imp for coagulation
VWF
VIII
164
underlies the plasma membrane; receives message from outside
Submembrane Area
165
underlies the submembrane filaments
Sol-Gel Zone
166
shape change denotes inactivation due to:
a) Microtubules
b) Microfilaments
c) Sol gel stable gel component
167
: contractile force after activation of platelets
a) Microtubules
168
: cytoskeleton
b) Microfilaments
169
– exists in the muscle
actin and myosin : actomyosin
170
– exists in the platelet
thrombostenin
171
: communication of the organelles
Sol gel stable gel component
172
regulates arrangement of organelles
Sol gel stable gel component
173
: responsible for shape change
Microtubules and Microfilaments
174
supports discoid shape of plt
Microtubules and Microfilaments
175
Membrane System
-Open Canalicular System
-Dense Tubular System
176
: for external communication
-Open Canalicular System
177
: for arachidonic synthesis
-Dense Tubular System
178
CAMPAS
Calcium – ATP – Magnesium – Phosphate ADP – Serotonin
179
First four promotes aggregation
Calcium – ATP – Magnesium – Phosphate
180
Physical Properties and Functions of Platelets
1. Adhesion
2. Platelet Release Reaction
3. Platelet aggregation
181
Platelets adhere only on detached or injured Endothelium
Adhesion
182
Requires plasma von Willebrand Factor & Gp Ib-IX complex
Adhesion
183
Platelet undergoes shape change.
Platelet Release Reaction
184
Alpha & dense granules release substances that will contribute to platelet aggregation and activation of the coagulation system
Platelet Release Reaction
185
Requires Gp IIb-IIIa and plasma fibrinogen
Platelet aggregation
186
Other functions
1. Vasoconstriction
2. Clot formation
187
Enhanced by serotonin released from platelets
1. Vasoconstriction
188
Platelet factor 3 is needed for the formation of active plasma thromboplastin
2. Clot formation
189
A lipoprotein (phospholipid) found in platelet granules & membrane and required in 2 steps of the coagulation process
PF3*
190
A glycoprotein stored in the alpha granules and is extruded during the platelet release reaction
PF4*
191
aids in ADP-induced platelet aggregation and inhibits effect of heparin
PF4*
192
Plasma coagulation factor V
PF1
193
A globulin that inhibits antithrombin III
PF2
194
increases platelet aggregation and accelerates interaction of thrombin and fibrinogen (fibrinoplastic platelet factor)
PF2
195
Platelet fibrinogen
PF 5
196
A plasma inhibitor associated with platelets
PF6
197
Cothromboplastin
PF7
198
Antithromboplastin factor
PF8
199
Accelerator globulin stabilizing factor
PF9
200
Serotonin found in the dense granules
PF 10
201
Promote coagulation
Alpha granules
202
Promote aggregation
Dense bodies
Alpha granules
203
Promote vasoconstriction
Dense bodies
Membrane phospholipids
204
Promote vascular repair
Alpha granules
205
Other systems
Alpha granules
206
Contact activation of intrinsic coagulation pathway
HMWK
207
Converted to fibrin for clot formation
Fibrinogen
208
Cofactor in fibrin clot formation
Factor V
209
Assists platelet adhesion to subendothelium to provide coagulation surface
Von Willebrand factor
210
Promotes vasoconstriction at injury site
Serotonin
Thromboaxane A2 precursors
211
Promotes smooth muscle growth
Platelet-derived growth factor
212
Chemotactic for fibroblasts
Beta- thromboglobulin
213
Precursor to plasmin, which induces clot affected
Plasminogen
214
Plasmin inhibitor; inhibits clot lysis
a-2 – antiplasmin
215
Complement system inhibitor
C1 esterase inhibitor
216
Alpha granules
HMWK
Fibrinogen
Factor V
Von Willebrand factor
Platelet factor 4
Thrombospondin
Platelet-derived growth factor
Plasminogen
a-2 – antiplasmin
C1 esterase inhibitor
217
Dense bodies
ADP
Calcium
Serotonin
218
Membra ne phosphol ipids
Thromboaxane
A2 precursors
219
Promote coagulation
HMWK
Fibrinogen
Factor V
Von Willebrand factor
220
Promote aggregation
ADP
Calcium
Platelet factor 4
Thrombospondin
221
HMWK
Promote coagulation
222
Fibrinogen
Promote coagulation
223
Factor V
Promote coagulation
224
Von Willebrand factor
Promote coagulation
225
ADP
Promote aggregation
226
Calcium
Promote aggregation
227
Platelet factor 4
Promote aggregation
228
Thrombospondin
Promote aggregation
229
Serotonin
Promote vasoconstri ction
230
Thromboaxane A2 precursors
Promote vasoconstri ction
231
Platelet-derived growth factor
Promote vascular repair
232
Beta- thromboglobulin
Promote vascular repair
233
Other systems
Plasminogen
a-2 – antiplasmin
C1 esterase inhibitor
234
A lipoprotein (phospholipid) found in platelet granules & membrane
PF3*
235
required in 2 steps of the coagulation process
PF3*
236
A glycoprotein stored in the alpha granules
PF4*
237
aids in ADP-induced platelet aggregation
PF4*
238
extruded during the platelet release reaction
PF4*
239
inhibits effect of heparin
PF4*
240
Platelet fibrinogen
PF 5
241
A plasma inhibitor associated with platelets
PF6
242
Cothromboplastin
PF7
243
Antithromboplastin factor
PF8
244
Accelerator globulin stabilizing factor
PF9
245
Serotonin found in the dense granules
PF 10
246
Plasma coagulation factor V
PF1
247
A globulin that inhibits antithrombin III
PF2
248
increases platelet aggregation and accelerates interaction of thrombin and fibrinogen
PF2
249
fibrinoplastic platelet factor
PF2
